National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
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e t w e e n “do u h e t I s m” A n d “cl o s e AIr su p p o rt”. th e ge r m A n AIr wA r do c t r I n e In wo r l d wA r II 95<br />
strong air <strong>for</strong>ce as an independent Service.<br />
An air <strong>for</strong>ce equipped with approximately 390 long-range, four-engine bombers<br />
with a capacity of 2000 kg of explosive, incendiary and gas bombs – the latter had by<br />
the way already been demanded by Douhet – would reduce the enemy’s eagerness to<br />
attack since by means of such aircraft a war could immediately be conducted in his<br />
own center. Furthermore, the memorandum read: “Inflicting bomb terror on enemy<br />
capitals or industrial areas will result in moral collapse the faster the weaker the<br />
national attitude of the people and the more the metropolitan masses are oriented towards<br />
materialism and divided by social and political conflicts”. To gain Germany’s<br />
air superiority in Central Europe as fast as possible, Knauss recommended that the<br />
air <strong>for</strong>ce be augmented at the expense of naval armaments projects; after all, an air<br />
<strong>for</strong>ce equipped with 400 “large bomber aircraft” could be built with the means required<br />
<strong>for</strong> the construction of two armored cruisers. In addition to bomber aircraft,<br />
Knauss also demanded reconnaissance aircraft while fighter aircraft, in his opinion,<br />
had no operational functions; he assigned them only operations in support of army<br />
and naval <strong>for</strong>ces.<br />
This was clear evidence of the influence of Douhet’s doctrine, but Reich Minister<br />
of War Werner v. Blomberg, in a directive dating 16 August 1933, pointed out that he<br />
by no means intended to set up a “strategic air <strong>for</strong>ce”. The aim rather was to set up an<br />
“operational air <strong>for</strong>ce” that in the event of a European multi-front war would have to<br />
assume operational functions as part of a comprehensive strategy, either acting on its<br />
own supported by patrol aircraft or interacting with army and naval <strong>for</strong>ces. 25 Hence,<br />
the pendulum rather swung towards an air <strong>for</strong>ce designed to support the Army.<br />
On 26 February 1935, Hitler signed the decree on the foundation of the<br />
Reichsluftwaffe, putting it as the third branch of the Wehrmacht on an equal footing<br />
with Army and Navy and placing it under the command and control of Hermann<br />
Göring as commander-in-chief. 26 On 09 March 1935, Hitler had Göring proclaim<br />
officially that the German Reich was about to build up a German Air Force. In doing<br />
so, the Reich was to make its contribution to peacekeeping, acting within the scope<br />
of the Air Pact, which had been suggested by the Western powers. 27 A few days later,<br />
during a solemn ceremony; Hitler gave the first fighter wing of the new German Air<br />
Force the name of “Jagdgeschwader Richthofen”.<br />
Despite this clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles, the Western powers had<br />
shown practically no reaction, thus encouraging Hitler to declare on 16 March 1935<br />
that he was no longer willing to submit to the arms limitations set out by the Treaty<br />
of Versailles. At the same time, he proclaimed the reintroduction of compulsory mili-<br />
25 Cf. Deist, Die Aufrüstung der Wehrmacht (see Note 17), p. 484.<br />
26 Cf. Rudolf Absolon, Die Wehrmacht im Dritten Reich, Vol. 3, Boppard 1973, p. 177.<br />
27 Karl-Heinz Völker, Die deutsche Luftwaffe 1933-1939. Aufbau, Führung und Rüstung der Luftwaffe<br />
und die Entwicklung der deutschen Luftkriegstheorie (Beiträge zur Militär- und Kriegsgeschichte. Militärgeschichtliches<br />
Forschungsamt (ed.), Vol. 8). Stuttgart 1967, p. 68ff.