National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
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224 ai r p o w e r in 20 t H Ce n t u ry do C t r i n e s a n d em p l o y m e n t - nat i o n a l ex p e r i e n C e s<br />
In addition, the transport aircraft and transport helicopters were to be used frequently<br />
in humanitarian missions. The scope of this article does not allow <strong>for</strong> a full description<br />
of the international missions in which the RNLAF participated. The most prominent<br />
operations in which the RNLAF took part are there<strong>for</strong>e outlined below.<br />
The Guided Missile Groups were to be deployed in crisis response operations<br />
even be<strong>for</strong>e they were withdrawn from West Germany. During the Gulf War (1990<br />
– 1991), Turkey asked the Dutch government to provide an air defence unit to guard<br />
against possible Iraqi Scud-missile attacks. From January to March 1991, two Patriot<br />
squadrons were stationed near Diyarbakir Air Base in Southeast Turkey during<br />
operation Wild Turkey. The Patriot units were later to be rein<strong>for</strong>ced by two Hawk<br />
squadrons. In addition, in February and March 1991, the RNLAF deployed another<br />
eight Patriot launcher stations to Israel in the context of operation Diamond Patriot,<br />
again to guard against the danger of Iraqi Scud attacks. The deployment to Turkey<br />
was to be repeated twelve years later in operation Display Deterrence. During the<br />
Second Gulf War, the Turkish government again asked the Netherlands to provide<br />
Patriot units to protect Turkey against potential Iraqi missile attacks. From February<br />
to April 2003, two Patriot batteries took up positions at Diyarbakir Air Base, while<br />
another battery took up position near the Turkish town of Batman. The units were<br />
not required to take action.<br />
Dutch F-16 fighter aircraft did not play a role in either of the two Gulf Wars. They<br />
were, however, to make their mark over the <strong>for</strong>mer Republic of Yugoslavia, and<br />
afterwards over Afghanistan and Libya. From April 1993, Dutch F-16s participated<br />
in operation Deny Flight, which was aimed at en<strong>for</strong>cing a no-fly zone over Bosnia.<br />
Operating from the Italian air bases of Villafranca and later Amendola, between<br />
1993 and 2001, the F-16s carried out a highly varied range of tasks. In addition to air<br />
defence (Combat Air Patrol – CAP) and reconnaissance (recce) missions, they also<br />
flew ground-support missions (Close Air Support – CAS). The Dutch fighter aircraft<br />
operated on the basis of the so-called swing-role principle, whereby they were able<br />
to carry out both offensive and defensive tasks during the same mission, depending<br />
on the specific operational requirements of that moment. The deployment over the<br />
<strong>for</strong>mer Yugoslavia was the first time the air <strong>for</strong>ce had used weapons since the decolonisation<br />
war in Indonesia. On 21 November 1994, Dutch F-16s participated in<br />
the air strike against Udbina airfield in Croatia, a precision bombardment aimed at<br />
destroying the take-off and landing strips. In September 1995, in operation Deliberate<br />
Force, which was aimed at <strong>for</strong>cing the Bosnian Serbs to the negotiating table, the<br />
F-16s fulfilled a wide variety of tasks. Thus, they carried out over ten per cent of the<br />
bombardments, among other things. The systematic suppression of the ethnic Albanian<br />
majority in Kosovo led to the NATO decision in March 1999 to start a phased<br />
air campaign, operation Allied Force, which was to last 78 days in total. The Dutch<br />
F-16s were prominently represented in this operation; as early as the first night of<br />
the campaign, a Dutch F-16 shot down a Yugoslav MiG-29 Fulcrum, followed by a<br />
large number of bombing attacks on various Serb targets later in the operation. The<br />
accelerated delivery of LANTIRN targeting pods enabled the Dutch F-16s to carry