National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
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do C t r i n e, Ca pa C i t i e s, te C H n o l o g y a n d o p e r at i o n a l en v i r o n m e n t o n t H e em p l o y m e n t o f t H e air po w e r ; t H e Ca s e o f guerrilla wa r fa r e 233<br />
Since mid-1960 that the Negage airfield was being built, located about 135 nautical<br />
miles east-northeast of Luanda. On 7th February 1961 the first landing of an<br />
Auster and a NORD takes place here, although the airfield facilities were concluded<br />
only in September that year. This military airfield, already legally constituted, was<br />
named as AB3 (aerodrome base number 3).<br />
On March 15, 1961 a brutal offensive is started by human waves armed with<br />
machetes and “canhangulos” (artisanal rifle) against towns and farms in the districts<br />
of Zaire, Uige and Cuanza Norte, particularly Quibaxe, Vista Alegre, Aldeia Viçosa,<br />
Quitexe, Quicabo, New Caipemba, Nambuangongo, Zala, Quibala, Bessa Monteiro,<br />
Madimba, Canda, M, bridge, Buela, and others. The rebels killed thousands of<br />
people, all civilians, including more than a thousand whites. Many of these places<br />
were occupied by the attackers, while the resident population escaped. Elsewhere the<br />
population was able to resist and stay, providing authentic strongholds which were<br />
permanently threatened with no possibility of escape and trying to survive. This action<br />
spread panic across the region, which led to an almost total exodus of resident<br />
population, even those who had not been threatened yet.<br />
Light aircraft, civil and military, proceeded to the transport of fleeing terrified<br />
people, concentrating at the aerodrome of Negage, where an airlift to Luanda was<br />
organized <strong>for</strong> around 3,500 people, essentially with NORD ATLAS planes.<br />
On March 16, the first paratroopers company arrives in Luanda by airplane and<br />
is immediately deployed to the area of operations. The paratroopers had been constituted<br />
in 1956 under the Air Force, initially at battalion level (over the following<br />
years, the organization expanded to <strong>for</strong>m a regiment in the mainland, battalions in<br />
three theatres of war and finally as Corps, alrea dy after the war in Africa, integrated<br />
into the structure of the Portuguese Air Force; they are currently integrated into the<br />
Army).<br />
The military response to the chaotic situation caused by the offensive of March<br />
15 is made with the few <strong>for</strong>ces available in which the aircraft means played a relevant<br />
role in support of civilian populations and land <strong>for</strong>ces, and in reconnaissance<br />
and strike flights against the rebel <strong>for</strong>ces.<br />
On April 21 the first contingent of ground <strong>for</strong>ces goes to Angola which will enhance<br />
the existing units. Three days be<strong>for</strong>e more paratroopers had depar ted from<br />
Portugal to Angola by airway, and on May 8, No. 21 Paratrooper Battalion, based in<br />
Luanda, is <strong>for</strong>med.<br />
Prior to March 15 ground <strong>for</strong>ces in Angola were just two regiments, one based in<br />
Luanda, one in New Lisbon, another group of Cavalry based in Silva Porto – considering<br />
the dimensions of the territory, and in particular the area affected by actions<br />
of extreme violence, these <strong>for</strong>ces were too short and were relatively displaced out of<br />
the area of operations.<br />
The guerrilla attacks continued but not as intensely as in mid-March, now more<br />
selecti ve or specific, such as the attack on Úcua with the massacre of 13 white, or