National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
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214 ai r p o w e r in 20 t H Ce n t u ry do C t r i n e s a n d em p l o y m e n t - nat i o n a l ex p e r i e n C e s<br />
The <strong>Military</strong> Aviation Arm was only able to deploy some 125 operational aircraft<br />
to oppose the almost 1,000 German aircraft the Luftwaffe was able to deploy over the<br />
Netherlands in 1940. In addition to the staggering numerical superiority of the Luftwaffe,<br />
there was also a vast difference in quality. Most German aircraft were superior<br />
to the Dutch aircraft in terms of speed and armament. Moreover, the German pilot<br />
corps had gained a good deal of combat experience in operations over Spain, Poland<br />
and Scandinavia from 1936 onwards. In the five-day battle which was unleashed on<br />
10 May, the Luftwaffe almost completely wiped out the Dutch air fleet. A number of<br />
Dutch fighter aircraft were destroyed on the ground during German surprise attacks,<br />
while the Dutch aircraft also had to concede defeat in air engagements. Despite the<br />
vast German air superiority, the personnel of the <strong>Military</strong> Aviation Arm put up a<br />
heroic struggle. Together with the other elements of the Air Defence Command, the<br />
Dutch air arm succeeded in eliminating an estimated 350 German aircraft, some 220<br />
of which were Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft that had been deployed in airborne<br />
operations in the west of the Netherlands. This remarkable success did not go unnoticed;<br />
within a few days of the capitulation, the Commander-in-Chief of Land<br />
and Sea Forces, General H.G. Winkelman, awarded the <strong>Military</strong> William’s Order,<br />
the highest military honour <strong>for</strong> bravery in the Netherlands, to the <strong>Military</strong> Aviation<br />
Arm.<br />
Just as the Royal Family, the Council of Ministers and a large part of the flight<br />
personnel of the Naval Air Arm, some 250 military personnel of the <strong>Military</strong> Aviation<br />
Arm flying schools succeeded in making their way to England in May 1940.<br />
Over time, this group of personnel, which mainly consisted of instructors, trainee<br />
pilots and technical personnel would largely be absorbed into the Royal Air Force<br />
(RAF). Later on in the war, they were joined by Dutchmen who had managed to<br />
escape from occupied territory to England in order to make a contribution to the<br />
liberation of the Netherlands from there. In addition to these so-called “Engelandvaarders”,<br />
there were also Dutch nationals from neutral or unoccupied countries who<br />
offered their services. In all, the RAF was to admit around 700 Dutch personnel to its<br />
ranks, who then were assigned to various operational units in the roles of pilot, crew<br />
member or ground personnel.<br />
Some RAF units were even predominantly Dutch. These squadrons came under<br />
<strong>British</strong> operational command. Dutch Naval Air Arm personnel <strong>for</strong>med the nucleus<br />
of 320 (Dutch) Squadron, which had been set up in June 1940 and which initially<br />
conducted convoy protection flights, later followed by high-risk bombardments of<br />
German ships. In 1943, 320 Squadron – now equipped with Mitchell bombers and<br />
augmented by personnel from the <strong>Military</strong> Aviation Arm – was to focus mainly<br />
on attacking targets on the European continent. 322 (Dutch) Squadron, which had<br />
been set up in June 1943, was equipped with Spitfires and would number more and<br />
more Dutch pilots. This squadron distinguished itself by carrying out escort flights,<br />
convoy patrols and so-called anti-Diver operations against V-1s after they had been<br />
launched. The pilots from 322 Squadron succeeded in eliminating over one hundred