National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
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294 ai r p o w e r in 20 t H Ce n t u ry do C t r i n e s a n d em p l o y m e n t - nat i o n a l ex p e r i e n C e s<br />
Pärnu, Riga, Liepaja and others, as well as against air fields used by the Russians.<br />
Important bridges, like the one in Kaunas, Lithuania over the river Njemen and railroad<br />
junctions as Tapa in northern Estonia were also regarded as important targets<br />
<strong>for</strong> the Swedish bombers. The main aim was to prevent the invasion, or at least stop<br />
the second echelon of the invading <strong>for</strong>ce be<strong>for</strong>e it left the eastern coast of the Baltic<br />
Sea. In case of war with Germany the main potential targets were the northern<br />
harbour at Rostock, Sassnitz, Swinemünde and, maybe, also the large naval base at<br />
Kiel. However, Kiel was so heavily defended that even in theory an attack against<br />
that naval base must be regarded as extremely risky and very likely to fail.<br />
An obvious risk in case of war was also that the enemy could answer on Swedish<br />
attacks against his bases with attacks on the bases of the Swedish bombers. To prevent<br />
that the doctrine in use in Sweden in the mid 1930´s argued <strong>for</strong> several different<br />
bases to be prepared. This doctrine was teached at the War College by the Air Force<br />
officer Axel Ljungdahl and presented in a paper by Björn Bjuggren. The tactics used<br />
was to spread out the planes on bases far from the coastline or land borders, and to<br />
assemble them in an advanced base just be<strong>for</strong>e the beginning of an operation. After<br />
an attack on enemy bases of ships, the planes would return to the more remote and<br />
better protected bases.<br />
Much of the Swedish debate concerned the limited capabilities of the fighter <strong>for</strong>ce<br />
as well as the anti aircraft-artillery. The Swedish fighters of the time could only operate<br />
over a smallarea and <strong>for</strong> a very limited period of time. This ment that the planes<br />
had to be based very close to the target that they were supposed to protect, and also<br />
relieved after a short while of time in the air. But the most important problem was<br />
the need <strong>for</strong> warnings to the fighterbases in god time be<strong>for</strong>e the enemy bomber arrived<br />
to the target. The warningsystems at the time didn´t fulfil that need. In the case<br />
of the capitol, Stockholm, there was a strong doubt of wether any warning would<br />
arrive in time, so that the fighters could start and create their <strong>for</strong>mations in the sky.<br />
And even if son, how to direct the fighters against the bomber? There were no such<br />
systems in operation. The only hope was the visual observations by the fighter pilots<br />
themselves. This is why the discussion about to defend Sweden´s cities tended<br />
to corcle about how to attack the enemy bases themselves. This was regarded the<br />
only efficient way to defence the mother country, regardless of the geographical and<br />
tactical problems with such a doctrine. The weak capabilities of the fighters against<br />
enemy bombers were stressed in a large manoeuvre in Skåne in southern Sweden in<br />
1935. The same was the situation of the antiaircraft artillery. All this were regarded<br />
as supporting those who argued <strong>for</strong> a large bomber fleet, as an indirect defence <strong>for</strong><br />
our cities and industries. The question then was how large the proportion of bombers<br />
there should be among the aircraft.<br />
The defence resolution of 1936 decided there should be four bomber wings, one<br />
fighter wing and two reconnaissance wings, in total seven wings ore three more than<br />
at the creation of a unified Air Force in 1926. The fighter wing, F 8, was deployed<br />
close to Stockholm.