National Experiences - British Commission for Military History

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226 ai r p o w e r in 20 t H Ce n t u ry do C t r i n e s a n d em p l o y m e n t - nat i o n a l ex p e r i e n C e s where the Ceausescu regime had been brought down. In 1992, an F-27 detachment spent almost six months in Southeast Asia to carry out transport flights from Thailand for the UN mission in Cambodia. The F-27s were also deployed to support the F-16 detachment in Villafranca, Italy, and they carried out human relief flights and (medical) evacuations in the Balkans. From 1994, the air transport task for humanitarian missions was carried out by the C-130s, including Rwanda in 1994, Angola in 1995, the Caribbean in 1995 and 1998, and by the KDC-10s, including Iran in 1997, Afghanistan in 1998 and Central America in 2001. These new transport aircraft greatly improved the RNLAF’s capabilities for providing strategic air transport and support to Dutch military missions at large distances from the Netherlands. The air-to-air refuelling capability of the two KDC-10s was another big step forward. The multifunctional tanker aircraft proved their value in the Kosovo crisis in 1999 and later during operation Enduring Freedom and the ISAF mission in Afghanistan. As mentioned before in this article, helicopter operations became increasingly important to the RNLAF’s international operations. In the years after 1989, this task was carried out initially by the Alouette III and the Bölkow, for instance in Iraq, Cambodia and in the Balkans. The new transport and combat helicopters took over this task at a later stage. A Chinook detachment provided humanitarian aid to the Kosovar refugees in Macedonia and Albania in 1999, and a detachment consisting of four CH-47s was deployed to the Horn of Africa from 2000 to 2001 in the context of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE). Between 2001 and 2004, Cougar and Chinook detachments rotated within the framework of the Implementation Force (IFOR) and the Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia Herzegovina. This was to be repeated between 2003 and 2005 in the context of the Stabilisation Force Iraq (SFIR), from Tallil Air Base in southern Iraq. This rotating system of Cougars and Chinooks was to be applied again in Afghanistan, at Kandahar Airfield between 2006 and 2010. The transport helicopters were assigned the whole of South Afghanistan as their area of operations. As had been the case with the deployment of transport helicopters, the deployment of Dutch combat helicopters was highly valued by both the Dutch ground forces and by the international coalition partners. Apache helicopters were deployed to Bosnia (1998-1999), Djibouti (2001), Iraq (2004-2005) and Afghanistan (2004-2005, 2006-2010) respectively. 1 June 2006 witnessed the first deployment in combat action of a Dutch AH-64D in Uruzgan. Since that time, the Dutch Apaches frequently used their weapon systems to support Dutch troops on the ground in combat. They demonstrated their effectiveness in providing Close Air Support. The Apaches, on various occasions, succeeded in relieving ground troops who were under fire. In 2011, the Netherlands will boast a century of experience with the military deployment of the aircraft. Until 1940, the development of the Dutch national air arm took place, both literally and figuratively, within its own “narrow” borders. The politics of non-involvement, the generally limited (financial) resources and the views of the military establishment led to a modest position of the air arm in the Netherlands,
a Ce n t u ry o f mi l i ta ry av i at i o n in t H e ne t H e r l a n d s, 1911-2011 227 it was considered as an auxiliary arm on the fringes of the army. This was to change after the Second World War: from 1940 the new norm was set by more intensive international cooperation with the allies. The operational theatre of the air force was no longer restricted to Dutch territory. During the Second World War, the Dutch were active on various faraway battlefields, and following the war, the air force was integrated into the NATO defence structure. In 1953, following many foreign air forces, the Dutch air force was accorded the status of independent Service, on a par with the army and the navy. From that time onwards, the NATO treaty area was to be the theatre of operations for the Royal Netherlands Air Force. Training and exercises mainly took place outside the Netherlands and the deployment of combat aircraft was directed and coordinated from international headquarters. The guided missile units of the RNLAF were not stationed in the Netherlands, but formed an integral part of the guided missile belt in Germany along the Iron Curtain. After the Cold War, the RNLAF was streamlined into a smaller, flexible and expeditionary air force, and, with its combat aircraft, guided missiles, transport aircraft and helicopters, the RNLAF provides a contribution to humanitarian operations and peace operations across the entire spectrum of force, on the global stage and always in an international framework. BIBLIOGRAPHY • A.P. de Jong (ed.), Vlucht door de tijd. 75 jaar Nederlandse luchtmacht (Houten 1988) • P.E. van Loo, Crossing the Border. De Koninklijke Luchtmacht na de val van de Berlijnse Muur (The Hague 2003) • W.H. Lutgert and R. de Winter, Check the Horizon. De Koninklijke Luchtmacht en het conflict in voormalig Joegoslavië 1991-1995 (The Hague 2001) • R. Nederlof, Blazing Skies. De Groepen Geleide Wapens van de Koninklijke Luchtmacht in Duitsland, 1960-1995 (The Hague 2002) • D. Starink, De luchtmacht opgebouwd. De totstandkoming en de realisatie van het Luchtmachtopbouwplan-1951 (The Hague 2001) • D. Starink, “De nuclearisering van de krijgsmacht” in: B. Schoenmaker and J.A.M.M. Janssen (ed.), In de schaduw van de Muur. Maatschappij en krijgsmacht rond 1960 (The Hague 1997), 82-99 • D. Starink, Gevechtsvliegtuigen voor de KLu. De geschiedenis van de keuzebepaling en de aanschaf (The Hague 1991) • R. de Winter, Hendrik Walaardt Sacré (1873-1949) Leven voor de Luchtvaart (The Hague 1992) • R. de Winter and E.H.J.C.M. Doreleijers, Luchtmachtstructuren in beweging. 80 jaar luchtmachtorganisatie (The Hague 1994) • R. de Winter and P.E. van Loo, Luchtmachtbevelhebbers geportretteerd 1954-2005 (The Hague 2006)
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National Experiences - British Commission for Military History

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