POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY TN

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districts, 16 (55 percent) were technically efficient as they had relative efficiency score of 1.00 and, therefore, lie on the efficiency frontier (see Appendix 4.7 for details). The remaining 13 (45 percent) districts were technically inefficient with scores ranging from 0.66 (Ramanathapuram district) to 0.98 (Dindigul district). These scores indicate that districts like Ramanathapuram and Dindigul could reduce their current inputs by 34 percent and 2 percent, respectively, without altering the current level of output. However, this has to be qualified because the inefficiency of the districts like Ramanathapuram, Sivagangai or Nilgiris might be more due to some exogenous variables like poor infrastructure or socio economic factors or the hilly and geographic nature than the nature of the health care system. The average Technical Efficiency score among the inefficient districts was 85 percent, which means that the technically inefficient hospitals could reduce their resource use by 15 percent to maintain their current output levels. 4.5 Safe Drinking Water Table 4.9 indicates availability of safe drinking water and percent of households connected with electricity. The availability of safe drinking water is lowest in Ramanathapuram, Kanniyakumari, Thiruvallur and the Nilgiris. Percent of households with least connectivity of electricity show that districts like Thiruvallur, Nagapattinam, Pudukkottai, and Ariyalur are the districts requiring highest attention. Corresponding data for all districts are given in Appendix Table 4.8. Table 4.9: Index of Districts with Safe Drinking Water and Electricity Connection Districts % Households using Safe Drinking Water Districts % Households Connected with Electricity % Households using Safe Drinking Water Index Value % Households Electrified Ramanathapuram 52.2 0.500 Thiruvarur 64.8 0.639 Kanniyakumari 56.2 0.541 Nagapattinam 64.9 0.640 Thiruvallur 70.4 0.691 Pudukkottai 65.0 0.641 The Nilgiris 74.4 0.733 Ariyalur 65.7 0.649 Sivagangai 75.6 0.746 Ramanathapuram 66.1 0.652 Pudukkottai 78.7 0.778 Dindigul 69.1 0.683 Dharmapuri 79.7 0.712 Dharmapuri 71.5 0.708 Namakkal 80.6 0.798 Sivagangai 71.8 0.711 Kanchipuram 81.2 0.804 Thanjavur 71.9 0.712 Salem 82.1 0.813 The Nilgiris 73.0 0.723 Source: Ranking and mapping of districts, International Institute of Population Sciences (2006), Bombay. Note: Districts are based on 2001 Census. Data for all districts are given in Table 4.7. Index Value 84
4.6 Incidence of Poverty: District Profile Census of households below poverty line (BPL) was launched in States and Union Territories in 1992. Data from BPL Census have been used variously by the Government for poverty alleviation programmes. The Expert Group for the purpose of BPL Census 2002 has laid down the methodology for the identification of households below poverty line. At present BPL enumeration in the states is based on this. While BPL Census (2002) was an improvement over the 1997 BPL Census, it also suffers from some infirmities. Sundaram (2003) observes that three of the four criticisms of the 1997 BPL Census are equally applicable for the 2002 BPL Census. First, there is the absence of provision for inclusion of persons who became poor after finalisation of the BPL list. Second, the absence of poverty lines for all States and Union Territories comes back via the upper limit given by Planning Commission’s estimate of head count ratio. Third, adoption of ‘uniform criteria for all the rural areas throughout the country’ is very much present through the newly prescribed centrally determined uniform list of thirteen indicators. The fourth criticism of exclusion of visibly non-poor does result in dropping of the exclusion criterion but at a cost of increasing the coverage of the census many fold. Many of the rural poverty alleviation programmes are administered on the basis of enumeration of the population below poverty line (BPL), which has been discussed earlier. The last such survey was taken in 2002. Based on this, if we look at the percentage of BPL population in a district to total rural population in that district (Table 4.10), then the largest district poverty head count ratio is shown for Ramanathapuram at close to 60 percent followed by Madurai at 42.8 percent. Perambalur with a BPL head count ratio of 39.5 percent is third followed by Krishnagiri at 37 percent and Kanchipuram and Sivagangai at 35 percent each. Another way of looking at BPL population is to take the number of persons below poverty line in a district to total number of BPL persons in all districts in Tamil Nadu. This gives the share of BPL population in a district to total BPL population in all districts. A poverty alleviation programme needs to be directed towards those districts where the absolute numbers of poor are larger. The share of BPL population in total population indicates this kind of priority because it is the product of share of rural population of a district in total rural population in all districts and the share of head count ratio of BPL population in the total population of the concerned state. 85
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MONOGRAPH 6/2010 MDGs-BASED POVERTY
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MONOGRAPH 6/2010 March 2010 Price:
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements Contents
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List of Tables Table 1.1 Millennium
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Table 5.10 Status of Urban Water Su
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Appendix 1.12 Maternal Mortality an
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MDGs-Based Poverty Reduction: Main
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. In terms of share of below povert
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of expenditure on public goods like
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households or individuals. For each
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Chapter 1 ISSUES AND INITIAL CONDIT
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The first three goals relate to era
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. Poverty in Tamil Nadu: Inter-stat
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and the urban poverty ratio was sli
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the total poor accounted for a prog
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physical development of people. Mor
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Table 1.11: Millennium Development
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indicates that Tamil Nadu will achi
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However, there is a scope for meeti
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status of malnutrition. The accepte
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The under-five mortality rate-U5MR
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(iv) HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Di
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3. While Tami Nadu has done compara
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Chapter 2 REDUCING POVERTY: THE MAC
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est of the economy indicates the ex
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share of the tertiary sector in Tam
Page 55 and 56: Chart 2.1: Sectoral Growth in Tamil
Page 57 and 58: policies are in place to absorb lar
Page 59 and 60: In the context of interface between
Page 61 and 62: Table 2.7: Decomposition of the Hea
Page 63 and 64: Dutt are not so relevant for predic
Page 65 and 66: The SDE estimates vary across the s
Page 67 and 68: Chart 2.3 highlights that agricultu
Page 69 and 70: 2.6 Summary In summary the followin
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 FISCAL REFORMS FOR POVERT
Page 73 and 74: Bardhan (1996) emphasizes that ofte
Page 75 and 76: atio of government employees to pop
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.2: Tamil Nadu in Inter-stat
Page 79 and 80: Chart 3.4: Own Tax Revenues Relativ
Page 81 and 82: collected by state-owned enterprise
Page 83 and 84: Chart 3.5: Capital Outlay as percen
Page 85 and 86: The Fiscal Policy Strategy Statemen
Page 87 and 88: f. Pension and Salary Expenditures
Page 89 and 90: 10 it is kept at 40 percent to acco
Page 91 and 92: Government of Tamil Nadu has to sub
Page 93 and 94: Chapter 4 COPING WITH SPATIAL IMBAL
Page 95 and 96: In order to focus on the deficient
Page 97 and 98: Chart 4.2 indicates the arrangement
Page 99 and 100: Chart 4.5: Human Development Index:
Page 101 and 102: Table 4.4: Index of Gender Deficien
Page 103 and 104: Districts Table 4.7: Health Facilit
Page 105: Regarding access costs in availing
Page 109 and 110: district followed by Villupuram and
Page 111 and 112: household willing to do public work
Page 113 and 114: Districts Table 4.13: Implementatio
Page 115 and 116: Table 4.14: Share of BPL Population
Page 117 and 118: Table 4.16: Block -wise Gross Acces
Page 119 and 120: Table 4.18: Block-wise IMR in Thiru
Page 121 and 122: 8. For provision of safe drinking w
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 5 WATER, LAND AND AGRICULTU
Page 125 and 126: 5.2 Water: Key Issues in Tamil Nadu
Page 127 and 128: Table 5.3: Sources of Water Supply
Page 129 and 130: funding under the Water Resources C
Page 131 and 132: In 2006-7, 65.83 percent of habitat
Page 133 and 134: the major cause for poor maintenanc
Page 135 and 136: about 30 litre per capita per day (
Page 137 and 138: 2006-07). However, total area under
Page 139 and 140: nearly 3.5 times as high as the pri
Page 141 and 142: 5.4 Agriculture: Key Issues Agricul
Page 143 and 144: Table 5.19: Productivity (Yield) of
Page 145 and 146: Only rice and sugarcane received ir
Page 147 and 148: iv. There are severe water quality
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 6 LAST MILE REACH STRATEGIE
Page 151 and 152: targeting as a device to improve ef
Page 153 and 154: eneficiaries and of delivering prog
Page 155 and 156: In the nighbourhood of the poverty
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inefficiencies. Some of the major c
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Tamil Nadu is close to achieving un
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programmes. It is the only Self Emp
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districts in Tamil Nadu. Namadhu Gr
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6.5 Reaching Households and Individ
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proposition more insurable, a group
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line to post-office saving banks or
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each the urban poor who live in slu
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Eleventh Plan (2007) observes: “O
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i. provide financial assistance for
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unemployed or underemployed poor by
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Services Prepare detailed water sup
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Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND FORMULATION O
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positive and relatively high. The b
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3. In terms of composition of BPL p
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holdings are smaller than 4 hectare
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There are considerable inter-distri
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Table 7.1: Adjustment during 2007-0
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R i =(I a +I max -I i )/(I a +I max
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line to post-office saving banks or
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d. Targeting As far as rural areas
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7.6 Urban Poverty Reduction Strateg
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Fund, GoTN has created Tamil Nadu I
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Some initiative by Government of Ta
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• Addressing urban poverty allevi
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land. There is need to develop a sc
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REFERENCES Agarwal, S.P. (2005),
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Deaton, Angus and Alessandro Tarozz
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Himmelfarb, G. (1984), The Idea of
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Report of the Working Group on Urba
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APPENDIX TABLES Appendix Table 1.1:
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Appendix Table 1.1 (contd.): Millen
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Appendix Table 1.2 (a): Poverty Lin
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Appendix Table 1.3: Poverty Gap Est
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Appendix Table 1.5: Head Count Rati
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Appendix Table 1.6 (contd.): Progre
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Appendix Table 1.8: Women’s Malnu
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Appendix Table 1.10: Child Mortalit
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Appendix Table 1.11 (contd.): State
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Appendix Table1.12 (contd.): Matern
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Appendix Table 2.3: Decomposition o
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and Publicity Relief from Natural C
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Appendix Table 4.3: Demography Rela
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Appendix Table 4.5: Health Faciliti
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Sl. No Appendix Table 4.7: Efficien
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Appendix Table 4.9: Employment unde
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Appendix Table 5.1: Major and Mediu
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Appendix Table 7.1: Indices for Dis
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ANNEXURES 231
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Monotonicity Sensitivity Axiom Mono
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component of the poverty line is th
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Fuchs (1969), while advocating the
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H = m/n (2) The head count ratio ig
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Annexure 1.3 UNIFORM RECALL PERIOD
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‣ Periyar became Erode; ‣ Tirun
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Women Receiving 3 Or More ANC Visit
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In Sivagangai, as per 2001 census,
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Table 4.3: Block wise Gender Wise G
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Block Table 4.6: Trained Teachers a
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Annexure 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUE
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Annexure 6.1 NOTES ON SELECTED CENT
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10. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalay
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