POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY TN

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fixed at 700 calories and 20 grams of protein. Adequate quantities of micro-nutrients like iron, folic acid and vitamin-A are also recommended under the programme. To meet the nutritional norm, the Central Government provides foodgrain at 100 grams per primary school child/school day and 150 grams per upper primary school child/school day. In 2007-08, Central Government also approved the inclusion of Inflation Adjusted Index (Consumer Price Index) for calculation of Central assistance towards cooking cost once in every two years. This will be applicable from 2008-09 for primary and upper primary stages. The midday meal feeding program in schools has expanded rapidly in the past decade. Tamil Nadu was the first state to launch such a scheme. A major expansion came after 1995. It was strengthened further in 2001. While cooked mid-day meals were mandated from 1995 (with two years given to put the system in place), they remained the responsibility of states until 2001. In 2001, following a Supreme Court order, states were mandated to provide the meal with minimum calorific content in all government and aided primary schools. The scheme receives budgetary support from the central government as a CSS. The central government bears the cost of the grain and its transportation. States are responsible for implementation, cooking infrastructure, and provision of cooks. a2. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is being implemented in partnership with States to address the needs of children in age group of 6-14 years. The overall objective of SSA is to support the resource needs of the states in ensuring universal access, enrolment and retention, and improving the quality of elementary education. India-wide, the achievements under SSA up to September 30, 2007, include construction of 170320 school buildings, construction of 713179 additional classrooms, 172381 drinking water facilities, construction of 218075 toilets, supply of free textbooks to 6.64 crore children and appointment of 8.10 lakh teachers besides opening of 186985 (till 31.3.07) new schools. About 35 lakh teachers receive in-service training each year. SSA is implemented by the state education department machinery to execute the district-level plans. The resources allocated under the SSA programme are additionality to the budgetary expenditure on elementary education by the state government. The funds for the SSA programme are channeled through the District Implementation Societies, under a 75:25 central and state sharing arrangement. Apart from the state's contribution, the rest of the SSA funds are not captured in the state budget. 136
Tamil Nadu is close to achieving universal elementary education in terms of both enrolment and completion. It has to focus on putting all out-of-school children into formal education and reduce the dropout rate in primary and upper primary education. Construction and upgrading of existing school facilities in terms of classrooms, drinking water, and toilets are needed to provide adequate infrastructural support. This would also require appointment of teachers as per norms. There is a wide variation in the number of dropout children as well as in completion rates in elementary education across districts. For better targeting, the SSA outlay for backward districts should be enhanced and indexed to the index of deficiency. As the major civil works (a component of SSA - additional classrooms, school facilities, BRCs, CRCs) are completed, additional expenditure should focus on the relatively more deficient districts. Additional expenditure for universalisation may be calculated keeping in mind the deficiencies. In terms of allocative efficiency of funds aimed at education, at least those coming from the state budget should be allocated to the districts to ensure that the share of expenditure going to educationally less developed districts bears a high correlation with their needs. The difference in completion rate, for example, between the highest achieving districts (Dindigul) to the lowest (Nagapattinam) is nearly 35 percent. Although the magnitudes might be different, similar variation is seen in dropout and attendance rates as well. a3. Access to Secondary Education According to the child census of the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), there were 831532 children out of school in Tamil Nadu as of January, 2003. By 2006-07, this figure had come down to just over one lakh. This means a net addition of nearly three-quarters of a million children into elementary education stream over the last three years. While SSA commitment is to provide opportunities for elementary education until the age of 14, there has to be a long-term strategy to absorb the students completing elementary education into secondary and later higher education. Sen et. al (2008) note that the ratio of enrolment in secondary to elementary education is only about 0.27 in Tamil Nadu, which means that the secondary level at the current capacity can only cater to about 27 percent of the current primary level enrolment. Assuming there is no excess capacity in secondary schools, universal elementary completion and secondary transition rate, Sen et. al. show that in Tamil Nadu, an extra 2.3 million students will be in the secondary cohort (IX - XII) in 2009 -10. The current capacity can cater only to half of the age 7 to 11 cohort, which was in 137
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MONOGRAPH 6/2010 MDGs-BASED POVERTY
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MONOGRAPH 6/2010 March 2010 Price:
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements Contents
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List of Tables Table 1.1 Millennium
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Table 5.10 Status of Urban Water Su
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Appendix 1.12 Maternal Mortality an
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MDGs-Based Poverty Reduction: Main
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. In terms of share of below povert
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of expenditure on public goods like
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households or individuals. For each
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Chapter 1 ISSUES AND INITIAL CONDIT
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The first three goals relate to era
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. Poverty in Tamil Nadu: Inter-stat
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and the urban poverty ratio was sli
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the total poor accounted for a prog
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physical development of people. Mor
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Table 1.11: Millennium Development
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indicates that Tamil Nadu will achi
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However, there is a scope for meeti
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status of malnutrition. The accepte
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The under-five mortality rate-U5MR
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(iv) HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Di
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3. While Tami Nadu has done compara
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Chapter 2 REDUCING POVERTY: THE MAC
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est of the economy indicates the ex
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share of the tertiary sector in Tam
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Chart 2.1: Sectoral Growth in Tamil
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policies are in place to absorb lar
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In the context of interface between
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Table 2.7: Decomposition of the Hea
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Dutt are not so relevant for predic
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The SDE estimates vary across the s
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Chart 2.3 highlights that agricultu
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2.6 Summary In summary the followin
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Chapter 3 FISCAL REFORMS FOR POVERT
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Bardhan (1996) emphasizes that ofte
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atio of government employees to pop
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Table 3.2: Tamil Nadu in Inter-stat
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Chart 3.4: Own Tax Revenues Relativ
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collected by state-owned enterprise
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Chart 3.5: Capital Outlay as percen
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The Fiscal Policy Strategy Statemen
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f. Pension and Salary Expenditures
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10 it is kept at 40 percent to acco
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Government of Tamil Nadu has to sub
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Chapter 4 COPING WITH SPATIAL IMBAL
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In order to focus on the deficient
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Chart 4.2 indicates the arrangement
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Chart 4.5: Human Development Index:
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Table 4.4: Index of Gender Deficien
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Districts Table 4.7: Health Facilit
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Regarding access costs in availing
Page 107 and 108: 4.6 Incidence of Poverty: District
Page 109 and 110: district followed by Villupuram and
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Page 113 and 114: Districts Table 4.13: Implementatio
Page 115 and 116: Table 4.14: Share of BPL Population
Page 117 and 118: Table 4.16: Block -wise Gross Acces
Page 119 and 120: Table 4.18: Block-wise IMR in Thiru
Page 121 and 122: 8. For provision of safe drinking w
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 5 WATER, LAND AND AGRICULTU
Page 125 and 126: 5.2 Water: Key Issues in Tamil Nadu
Page 127 and 128: Table 5.3: Sources of Water Supply
Page 129 and 130: funding under the Water Resources C
Page 131 and 132: In 2006-7, 65.83 percent of habitat
Page 133 and 134: the major cause for poor maintenanc
Page 135 and 136: about 30 litre per capita per day (
Page 137 and 138: 2006-07). However, total area under
Page 139 and 140: nearly 3.5 times as high as the pri
Page 141 and 142: 5.4 Agriculture: Key Issues Agricul
Page 143 and 144: Table 5.19: Productivity (Yield) of
Page 145 and 146: Only rice and sugarcane received ir
Page 147 and 148: iv. There are severe water quality
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 6 LAST MILE REACH STRATEGIE
Page 151 and 152: targeting as a device to improve ef
Page 153 and 154: eneficiaries and of delivering prog
Page 155 and 156: In the nighbourhood of the poverty
Page 157: inefficiencies. Some of the major c
Page 161 and 162: programmes. It is the only Self Emp
Page 163 and 164: districts in Tamil Nadu. Namadhu Gr
Page 165 and 166: 6.5 Reaching Households and Individ
Page 167 and 168: proposition more insurable, a group
Page 169 and 170: line to post-office saving banks or
Page 171 and 172: each the urban poor who live in slu
Page 173 and 174: Eleventh Plan (2007) observes: “O
Page 175 and 176: i. provide financial assistance for
Page 177 and 178: unemployed or underemployed poor by
Page 179 and 180: Services Prepare detailed water sup
Page 181 and 182: Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND FORMULATION O
Page 183 and 184: positive and relatively high. The b
Page 185 and 186: 3. In terms of composition of BPL p
Page 187 and 188: holdings are smaller than 4 hectare
Page 189 and 190: There are considerable inter-distri
Page 191 and 192: Table 7.1: Adjustment during 2007-0
Page 193 and 194: R i =(I a +I max -I i )/(I a +I max
Page 195 and 196: line to post-office saving banks or
Page 197 and 198: d. Targeting As far as rural areas
Page 199 and 200: 7.6 Urban Poverty Reduction Strateg
Page 201 and 202: Fund, GoTN has created Tamil Nadu I
Page 203 and 204: Some initiative by Government of Ta
Page 205 and 206: • Addressing urban poverty allevi
Page 207 and 208: land. There is need to develop a sc
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REFERENCES Agarwal, S.P. (2005),
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Deaton, Angus and Alessandro Tarozz
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Himmelfarb, G. (1984), The Idea of
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Report of the Working Group on Urba
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APPENDIX TABLES Appendix Table 1.1:
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Appendix Table 1.1 (contd.): Millen
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Appendix Table 1.2 (a): Poverty Lin
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Appendix Table 1.3: Poverty Gap Est
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Appendix Table 1.5: Head Count Rati
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Appendix Table 1.6 (contd.): Progre
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Appendix Table 1.8: Women’s Malnu
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Appendix Table 1.10: Child Mortalit
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Appendix Table 1.11 (contd.): State
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Appendix Table1.12 (contd.): Matern
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Appendix Table 2.3: Decomposition o
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and Publicity Relief from Natural C
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Appendix Table 4.3: Demography Rela
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Appendix Table 4.5: Health Faciliti
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Sl. No Appendix Table 4.7: Efficien
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Appendix Table 4.9: Employment unde
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Appendix Table 5.1: Major and Mediu
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Appendix Table 7.1: Indices for Dis
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ANNEXURES 231
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Monotonicity Sensitivity Axiom Mono
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component of the poverty line is th
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Fuchs (1969), while advocating the
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H = m/n (2) The head count ratio ig
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Annexure 1.3 UNIFORM RECALL PERIOD
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‣ Periyar became Erode; ‣ Tirun
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Women Receiving 3 Or More ANC Visit
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In Sivagangai, as per 2001 census,
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Table 4.3: Block wise Gender Wise G
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Block Table 4.6: Trained Teachers a
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Annexure 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUE
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Annexure 6.1 NOTES ON SELECTED CENT
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10. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalay
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POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY TN

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