POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY TN

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Table 4.1: District Level Indicators: Human Development Index Sl. No Districts Life Expectancy at Birth Literacy Rate (LR) (2004-05) Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) Real Per capita DGDP (2002-03) Human Development Index (HDI) (LEB) 2006 2006 PPP$ 1 Chennai 84.80 86.35 85.36 5496.88 0.842 2 Kanchipuram 76.50 83.63 86.78 4326.55 0.778 3 Thiruvallur 75.50 82.47 86.01 4178.20 0.767 4 Cuddallore 71.80 77.42 88.41 2478.36 0.709 5 Villupuram 72.20 69.88 79.65 1801.20 0.667 6 Vellore 71.40 78.73 82.17 2854.90 0.710 7 Thiruvannamalai 71.60 73.51 79.48 2034.94 0.678 8 Salem 74.00 70.81 88.32 3034.49 0.717 9 Namakkal 69.80 72.90 96.32 3453.60 0.715 10 Dharmapuri 69.80 63.82 82.88 2244.85 0.656 11 Erode 73.10 70.59 86.38 3689.20 0.721 12 Coimbatore 73.80 82.91 94.27 4741.27 0.775 13 The Nilgiris 73.10 87.75 80.45 3218.70 0.745 14 Tiruchirapalli 76.60 74.07 87.65 2919.00 0.737 15 Karur 76.60 74.07 87.65 2919.00 0.737 16 Perambalur 71.70 70.35 85.14 2890.54 0.697 17 Thanjavur 71.90 81.97 84.17 2454.29 0.714 18 Thiruvarur 72.70 82.86 85.09 2341.36 0.719 19 Nagapattinam 74.70 82.85 87.19 2576.49 0.738 20 Pudukkottai 72.00 77.21 85.62 2408.24 0.705 21 Madurai 73.40 84.75 93.77 3467.72 0.759 22 Theni 69.30 77.59 92.01 3991.90 0.726 23 Dindigul 69.40 75.24 87.03 3300.16 0.705 24 Ramanathapuram 69.60 78.71 84.38 2853.97 0.703 25 Virudhunagar 69.40 79.98 88.46 4689.66 0.737 26 Sivagangai 69.80 78.29 86.85 2616.29 0.701 27 Thirunelveli 71.50 82.94 91.18 3383.02 0.740 28 Thoothukudi 78.20 88.31 85.07 3928.26 0.791 29 Kanniyakumari 72.60 94.94 90.31 2905.58 0.763 30 Krishnagiri 71.90 63.82 80.74 2244.85 0.665 Tamil Nadu 72.80 79.16 88.82 3363.11 0.736 Source: Governmetn of Tamil Nadu (2007), Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-2012, State Planning Commission. Notes: LEB- computed using the data of VES 2006, LR using NSS 61 st round and Census 2001 data. GER – computed using the data on school enrolment 2006-07 of school education department. Projected population 2006 is provided by DOES. Real PCGDDP – computed using the data on district wise per capita income 2002-03 and PPP$ value from Global HDR 2004. 72
In order to focus on the deficient districts in respect of critical indicators of achievement, we need to focus on relative deficiencies. For this purpose, an index of relative deficiency can be used to highlight the spatial dimensions of needed priorities in designing a suitable strategy for MDGs based poverty reduction. Table 4.2 converts the data of Table 4.1 in terms of an index of deficiency for highlighting those districts which are the lowest in terms of the selected indicators as well as the extent by which they fall below the average value of the concerned indicators. This index is defined as follows: Index of Deficiency = (maximum - actual for a district) / average for Tamil Nadu Thus, for any indicator, I, the index is given by (I max - I i) / Ia where, I max = maximum index value among all districts, I i = the index value of the concerned district, and I a = average value for all districts. An index of deficiency is useful for augmenting allocation efficiency in various expenditures under different programmes where district-wise allocation is in the hands of the state government. It is expected that for efficiency gains, inter-district allocation of resources should bear a high positive correlation with the index of deficiency. The higher the deficiency the higher the index of deficiency for a district, the higher should be its allocation. Two general points are: efficiency gains are larger, if the spread in an index of deficiency around the average is larger when allocation of expenditures are aligned to the index of inter-district deficiency for specific indicators, and two, higher efficiency gains will result when different programmes addressing different needs (in respect of education, health, income, and gender) use specific indices of deficiency rather than using composite indices which have been weighted in some arbitrary manner. This is so because the order of districts with different indicators of deficiencies varies considerably across indicators. These indices are prepared for four indicators, life expectancy at birth, literacy rate, gross enrolment ratio, and real per capita gross district domestic product. Table 4.2 gives the ten most deficient districts in respect of each of the four indicators. Appendix Table 4.1 provides similar information for all the districts. It can be observed that the range of variation relative to the average for the selected indicators is quite different. For example, in the case of PCGDDP the range varies from 0-110. In the case of GER, the range varies from 0-19. As such, the inter-district differences relative to the average are lowest for GER, LEB, followed by literacy rate. This indicates that while the government 73
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MONOGRAPH 6/2010 MDGs-BASED POVERTY
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MONOGRAPH 6/2010 March 2010 Price:
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements Contents
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List of Tables Table 1.1 Millennium
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Table 5.10 Status of Urban Water Su
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Appendix 1.12 Maternal Mortality an
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MDGs-Based Poverty Reduction: Main
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. In terms of share of below povert
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of expenditure on public goods like
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households or individuals. For each
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Chapter 1 ISSUES AND INITIAL CONDIT
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The first three goals relate to era
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. Poverty in Tamil Nadu: Inter-stat
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and the urban poverty ratio was sli
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the total poor accounted for a prog
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physical development of people. Mor
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Table 1.11: Millennium Development
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indicates that Tamil Nadu will achi
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However, there is a scope for meeti
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status of malnutrition. The accepte
Page 43 and 44: The under-five mortality rate-U5MR
Page 45 and 46: (iv) HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Di
Page 47 and 48: 3. While Tami Nadu has done compara
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 REDUCING POVERTY: THE MAC
Page 51 and 52: est of the economy indicates the ex
Page 53 and 54: share of the tertiary sector in Tam
Page 55 and 56: Chart 2.1: Sectoral Growth in Tamil
Page 57 and 58: policies are in place to absorb lar
Page 59 and 60: In the context of interface between
Page 61 and 62: Table 2.7: Decomposition of the Hea
Page 63 and 64: Dutt are not so relevant for predic
Page 65 and 66: The SDE estimates vary across the s
Page 67 and 68: Chart 2.3 highlights that agricultu
Page 69 and 70: 2.6 Summary In summary the followin
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 FISCAL REFORMS FOR POVERT
Page 73 and 74: Bardhan (1996) emphasizes that ofte
Page 75 and 76: atio of government employees to pop
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.2: Tamil Nadu in Inter-stat
Page 79 and 80: Chart 3.4: Own Tax Revenues Relativ
Page 81 and 82: collected by state-owned enterprise
Page 83 and 84: Chart 3.5: Capital Outlay as percen
Page 85 and 86: The Fiscal Policy Strategy Statemen
Page 87 and 88: f. Pension and Salary Expenditures
Page 89 and 90: 10 it is kept at 40 percent to acco
Page 91 and 92: Government of Tamil Nadu has to sub
Page 93: Chapter 4 COPING WITH SPATIAL IMBAL
Page 97 and 98: Chart 4.2 indicates the arrangement
Page 99 and 100: Chart 4.5: Human Development Index:
Page 101 and 102: Table 4.4: Index of Gender Deficien
Page 103 and 104: Districts Table 4.7: Health Facilit
Page 105 and 106: Regarding access costs in availing
Page 107 and 108: 4.6 Incidence of Poverty: District
Page 109 and 110: district followed by Villupuram and
Page 111 and 112: household willing to do public work
Page 113 and 114: Districts Table 4.13: Implementatio
Page 115 and 116: Table 4.14: Share of BPL Population
Page 117 and 118: Table 4.16: Block -wise Gross Acces
Page 119 and 120: Table 4.18: Block-wise IMR in Thiru
Page 121 and 122: 8. For provision of safe drinking w
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 5 WATER, LAND AND AGRICULTU
Page 125 and 126: 5.2 Water: Key Issues in Tamil Nadu
Page 127 and 128: Table 5.3: Sources of Water Supply
Page 129 and 130: funding under the Water Resources C
Page 131 and 132: In 2006-7, 65.83 percent of habitat
Page 133 and 134: the major cause for poor maintenanc
Page 135 and 136: about 30 litre per capita per day (
Page 137 and 138: 2006-07). However, total area under
Page 139 and 140: nearly 3.5 times as high as the pri
Page 141 and 142: 5.4 Agriculture: Key Issues Agricul
Page 143 and 144: Table 5.19: Productivity (Yield) of
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Only rice and sugarcane received ir
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iv. There are severe water quality
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Chapter 6 LAST MILE REACH STRATEGIE
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targeting as a device to improve ef
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eneficiaries and of delivering prog
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In the nighbourhood of the poverty
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inefficiencies. Some of the major c
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Tamil Nadu is close to achieving un
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programmes. It is the only Self Emp
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districts in Tamil Nadu. Namadhu Gr
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6.5 Reaching Households and Individ
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proposition more insurable, a group
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line to post-office saving banks or
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each the urban poor who live in slu
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Eleventh Plan (2007) observes: “O
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i. provide financial assistance for
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unemployed or underemployed poor by
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Services Prepare detailed water sup
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Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND FORMULATION O
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positive and relatively high. The b
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3. In terms of composition of BPL p
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holdings are smaller than 4 hectare
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There are considerable inter-distri
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Table 7.1: Adjustment during 2007-0
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R i =(I a +I max -I i )/(I a +I max
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line to post-office saving banks or
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d. Targeting As far as rural areas
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7.6 Urban Poverty Reduction Strateg
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Fund, GoTN has created Tamil Nadu I
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Some initiative by Government of Ta
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• Addressing urban poverty allevi
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land. There is need to develop a sc
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REFERENCES Agarwal, S.P. (2005),
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Deaton, Angus and Alessandro Tarozz
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Himmelfarb, G. (1984), The Idea of
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Report of the Working Group on Urba
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APPENDIX TABLES Appendix Table 1.1:
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Appendix Table 1.1 (contd.): Millen
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Appendix Table 1.2 (a): Poverty Lin
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Appendix Table 1.3: Poverty Gap Est
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Appendix Table 1.5: Head Count Rati
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Appendix Table 1.6 (contd.): Progre
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Appendix Table 1.8: Women’s Malnu
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Appendix Table 1.10: Child Mortalit
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Appendix Table 1.11 (contd.): State
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Appendix Table1.12 (contd.): Matern
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Appendix Table 2.3: Decomposition o
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and Publicity Relief from Natural C
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Appendix Table 4.3: Demography Rela
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Appendix Table 4.5: Health Faciliti
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Sl. No Appendix Table 4.7: Efficien
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Appendix Table 4.9: Employment unde
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Appendix Table 5.1: Major and Mediu
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Appendix Table 7.1: Indices for Dis
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ANNEXURES 231
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Monotonicity Sensitivity Axiom Mono
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component of the poverty line is th
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Fuchs (1969), while advocating the
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H = m/n (2) The head count ratio ig
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Annexure 1.3 UNIFORM RECALL PERIOD
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‣ Periyar became Erode; ‣ Tirun
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Women Receiving 3 Or More ANC Visit
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In Sivagangai, as per 2001 census,
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Table 4.3: Block wise Gender Wise G
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Block Table 4.6: Trained Teachers a
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Annexure 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUE
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Annexure 6.1 NOTES ON SELECTED CENT
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10. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalay
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POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY TN

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