POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY TN

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down by a small margin considering all the sectors together. This is primarily due to the fall in their participation in the secondary sector. In the primary sector the share of female work force in the total work force as remained almost the same and in the tertiary sector the female participation rate has increased. Table 1.14: Gender Composition of Work Force Details 1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 Female Work Force (in Lakh) Primary 75.28 67.40 61.86 Secondary 21.27 22.03 27.80 Tertiary 15.34 17.97 24.46 Total 111.89 107.40 114.12 Total Work Force (in Lakh) Primary 154.81 145.61 127.42 Secondary 62.43 68.53 84.87 Tertiary 68.36 75.56 94.37 Total 285.60 289.70 306.66 Share of Female in Total Work Force (in Percent) Primary 48.63 46.29 48.55 Secondary 34.07 32.15 32.76 Tertiary 22.44 23.78 25.92 Total 39.18 37.07 37.21 Source: Government of Tamil Nadu (2008), Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-08. Gender-related Development Index (GDI) or Gender Equality Index (GEI) that is estimated as a proportion of economic, educational and health attainments of females to that of males for Tamil Nadu, indicates that the status of women had considerably improved between early eighties and early nineties ( Appendix Table 1.7 ). Among the 15 major states, Tamil Nadu ranks second next only after Kerala in GEI. This summary measure also indicates that the gender bias in Tamil Nadu state is very low as compared to all-India. It has been noted in the literature that India has one of the highest proportions of malnourished women in developed countries (see for example, Jose and Navaneetham, 2008). Women’s malnourished also increases the risk maternal mortality apart from being essential for a person’s wellbeing and human development. Based on national family health survey data (NFHS-3, 2005-06), Jose and Navaneetham provide an inter-state perspective on women’s malnutrition. They look at body mass index (BMI), chronic energy deficiency (CED) and incidence of anemia (iron deficiency) to indicate the 18
status of malnutrition. The accepted norms for these indicators are as follows. BMI of less than 18.5 is referred to chronic energy deficiency. BMI above 25.0 and 30.0 refer to over weight and obesity, which are also indicative of poor nutrition. Iron deficiency anemia is indicated by 11.9 grams/deciliter of haemoglobin in the blood. Haemoglobin below 9.0 and 7.0 grams/deciliter denotes moderate and server anemia. Table 1.15 shows the status of Tamil Nadu women with regard to malnutrition as compared to other selected states and all-India figures. It is indicated that about 28.4 percent of women suffer from chronic energy deficiency in Tamil Nadu. This is higher than Kerala and Punjab but still below most other states and all-India figure. In Tamil Nadu more women are over weight or obese (20.9 percent) as compared to all-India figure of 12.6 percent. Percent of women suffering from anemia in Tamil Nadu is 53.2, which is quite high compared to Kerala and Punjab and is close to the all-India figure. Thus, while Tamil Nadu’s position is relatively better compared to the all-India figures in terms of basic norms, still considerable ground had to be covered. Table 1.15: Women’s Malnutrition across Major States in India: 2005-06 (Percent) States CED BMI Anemia CED and Anemia Overweight or Moderate or Any Both Either Neither Obese Severe Kerala 18.0 28.1 7.1 32.8 7.6 35.5 56.9 Tamil Nadu 28.4 20.9 15.8 53.2 16.7 47.9 35.3 Andhra Pradesh 33.5 15.6 23.9 62.9 22.5 51.3 26.2 Karnataka 35.5 15.3 17.1 51.5 19.8 46.9 33.3 India 35.6 12.6 16.8 55.3 21.6 47.5 30.9 Source: Jose and Navaneetham (2008). Notes: Computed using NFHS-3 data; CED: Chronic energy deficiency and BMI: Body mass index Details about selected other states and a related table on malnutrition among Ever-Married Women are given as Appendix Tables 1.8 and 1.9. d. Millennium Development Goals and Health Status Indicators in Tamil Nadu Goals four to six relate to health. Specifically, Goal 4 relates to reducing child mortality; Goal 5 focuses on improving maternal health and Goal 6 relates to halting growth of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. 19
Page 1: MONOGRAPH 6/2010 MDGs-BASED POVERTY
Page 5 and 6: MONOGRAPH 6/2010 March 2010 Price:
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Acknowledgements Contents
Page 9 and 10: List of Tables Table 1.1 Millennium
Page 11 and 12: Table 5.10 Status of Urban Water Su
Page 13 and 14: Appendix 1.12 Maternal Mortality an
Page 15 and 16: MDGs-Based Poverty Reduction: Main
Page 17 and 18: . In terms of share of below povert
Page 19 and 20: of expenditure on public goods like
Page 21 and 22: households or individuals. For each
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 ISSUES AND INITIAL CONDIT
Page 25 and 26: The first three goals relate to era
Page 27 and 28: . Poverty in Tamil Nadu: Inter-stat
Page 29 and 30: and the urban poverty ratio was sli
Page 31 and 32: the total poor accounted for a prog
Page 33 and 34: physical development of people. Mor
Page 35 and 36: Table 1.11: Millennium Development
Page 37 and 38: indicates that Tamil Nadu will achi
Page 39: However, there is a scope for meeti
Page 43 and 44: The under-five mortality rate-U5MR
Page 45 and 46: (iv) HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Di
Page 47 and 48: 3. While Tami Nadu has done compara
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 REDUCING POVERTY: THE MAC
Page 51 and 52: est of the economy indicates the ex
Page 53 and 54: share of the tertiary sector in Tam
Page 55 and 56: Chart 2.1: Sectoral Growth in Tamil
Page 57 and 58: policies are in place to absorb lar
Page 59 and 60: In the context of interface between
Page 61 and 62: Table 2.7: Decomposition of the Hea
Page 63 and 64: Dutt are not so relevant for predic
Page 65 and 66: The SDE estimates vary across the s
Page 67 and 68: Chart 2.3 highlights that agricultu
Page 69 and 70: 2.6 Summary In summary the followin
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 FISCAL REFORMS FOR POVERT
Page 73 and 74: Bardhan (1996) emphasizes that ofte
Page 75 and 76: atio of government employees to pop
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.2: Tamil Nadu in Inter-stat
Page 79 and 80: Chart 3.4: Own Tax Revenues Relativ
Page 81 and 82: collected by state-owned enterprise
Page 83 and 84: Chart 3.5: Capital Outlay as percen
Page 85 and 86: The Fiscal Policy Strategy Statemen
Page 87 and 88: f. Pension and Salary Expenditures
Page 89 and 90: 10 it is kept at 40 percent to acco
Page 91 and 92:
Government of Tamil Nadu has to sub
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Chapter 4 COPING WITH SPATIAL IMBAL
Page 95 and 96:
In order to focus on the deficient
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Chart 4.2 indicates the arrangement
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Chart 4.5: Human Development Index:
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Table 4.4: Index of Gender Deficien
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Districts Table 4.7: Health Facilit
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Regarding access costs in availing
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4.6 Incidence of Poverty: District
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district followed by Villupuram and
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household willing to do public work
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Districts Table 4.13: Implementatio
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Table 4.14: Share of BPL Population
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Table 4.16: Block -wise Gross Acces
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Table 4.18: Block-wise IMR in Thiru
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8. For provision of safe drinking w
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Chapter 5 WATER, LAND AND AGRICULTU
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5.2 Water: Key Issues in Tamil Nadu
Page 127 and 128:
Table 5.3: Sources of Water Supply
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funding under the Water Resources C
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In 2006-7, 65.83 percent of habitat
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the major cause for poor maintenanc
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about 30 litre per capita per day (
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2006-07). However, total area under
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nearly 3.5 times as high as the pri
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5.4 Agriculture: Key Issues Agricul
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Table 5.19: Productivity (Yield) of
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Only rice and sugarcane received ir
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iv. There are severe water quality
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Chapter 6 LAST MILE REACH STRATEGIE
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targeting as a device to improve ef
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eneficiaries and of delivering prog
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In the nighbourhood of the poverty
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inefficiencies. Some of the major c
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Tamil Nadu is close to achieving un
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programmes. It is the only Self Emp
Page 163 and 164:
districts in Tamil Nadu. Namadhu Gr
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6.5 Reaching Households and Individ
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proposition more insurable, a group
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line to post-office saving banks or
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each the urban poor who live in slu
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Eleventh Plan (2007) observes: “O
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i. provide financial assistance for
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unemployed or underemployed poor by
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Services Prepare detailed water sup
Page 181 and 182:
Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND FORMULATION O
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positive and relatively high. The b
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3. In terms of composition of BPL p
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holdings are smaller than 4 hectare
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There are considerable inter-distri
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Table 7.1: Adjustment during 2007-0
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R i =(I a +I max -I i )/(I a +I max
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line to post-office saving banks or
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d. Targeting As far as rural areas
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7.6 Urban Poverty Reduction Strateg
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Fund, GoTN has created Tamil Nadu I
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Some initiative by Government of Ta
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• Addressing urban poverty allevi
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land. There is need to develop a sc
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REFERENCES Agarwal, S.P. (2005),
Page 211 and 212:
Deaton, Angus and Alessandro Tarozz
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Himmelfarb, G. (1984), The Idea of
Page 215 and 216:
Report of the Working Group on Urba
Page 217 and 218:
APPENDIX TABLES Appendix Table 1.1:
Page 219 and 220:
Appendix Table 1.1 (contd.): Millen
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Appendix Table 1.2 (a): Poverty Lin
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Appendix Table 1.3: Poverty Gap Est
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Appendix Table 1.5: Head Count Rati
Page 227 and 228:
Appendix Table 1.6 (contd.): Progre
Page 229 and 230:
Appendix Table 1.8: Women’s Malnu
Page 231 and 232:
Appendix Table 1.10: Child Mortalit
Page 233 and 234:
Appendix Table 1.11 (contd.): State
Page 235 and 236:
Appendix Table1.12 (contd.): Matern
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Appendix Table 2.3: Decomposition o
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and Publicity Relief from Natural C
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Appendix Table 4.3: Demography Rela
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Appendix Table 4.5: Health Faciliti
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Sl. No Appendix Table 4.7: Efficien
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Appendix Table 4.9: Employment unde
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Appendix Table 5.1: Major and Mediu
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Appendix Table 7.1: Indices for Dis
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ANNEXURES 231
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Monotonicity Sensitivity Axiom Mono
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component of the poverty line is th
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Fuchs (1969), while advocating the
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H = m/n (2) The head count ratio ig
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Annexure 1.3 UNIFORM RECALL PERIOD
Page 265 and 266:
‣ Periyar became Erode; ‣ Tirun
Page 267 and 268:
Women Receiving 3 Or More ANC Visit
Page 269 and 270:
In Sivagangai, as per 2001 census,
Page 271 and 272:
Table 4.3: Block wise Gender Wise G
Page 273 and 274:
Block Table 4.6: Trained Teachers a
Page 275 and 276:
Annexure 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUE
Page 277 and 278:
Annexure 6.1 NOTES ON SELECTED CENT
Page 279 and 280:
10. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalay
Page 281:
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POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY TN

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