POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY TN

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epayments) may be raised from 2.9 percent of GSDP to 4.6 percent during the same period. In contrast, expenditure on interest payments and pensions relative to GSDP would be reduced. T: We suggest a four-tier targeting strategy: District Level (separately for urban and rural poverty reduction), from District to Blocks (Taluks), from blocks to villages, and from village to households or individuals. E: Efficiency can be thought of in terms of (a) design efficiency, (b) allocation efficiency, and (c) implementation efficiency. It is suggested that reforming allocation strategies for different sectors, using indices of deficiency at the district level can result in considerable efficiency gain. R: In addition to the more efficient use of existing central and state schemes: two additional schemes are suggested. For the extremely poor, direct cash transfer in the form of ‘social income’ or ‘social benefit’ may be administered to the first two deciles of the BPL population in the rural areas. It is important that the extremely poor have some minimum income for meeting access costs and overcoming participation barriers to avail the benefits of other services provided by the government. Secondly, for all poor a scheme for providing an income generating assets workable within the house like providing an electricity generating charkha (e-charkha) would generate considerable supplementary income within the household. B: District Poverty Reduction Strategy (DPRS – Rural) M: Some basic industrial and service sector activity is needed to generate employment and multiplier effects in districts characterized by low level of economic activities. Location of an SEZ/Export oriented zone or attracting industry with special tax concessions will initiate the necessary stimulus in the income-deficient districts. Availability of good road connectivity and power are also important ingredients. A: Fiscal resources come from higher tier governments. There is scope for developing own tax and non-tax revenues. S: Each district needs to restructure expenditure towards areas where its deficiency is largest relative to other districts. T: Targeting has to be from district to blocks, from blocks to villages and from villages to xiv
households or individuals. For each MDG (income-poverty, education, health, and gender) targeting has to be differentiated according to relative deficiencies. E: There is clear scope for obtaining allocation efficiency through construction of relative deficiency indices in respect of income-poverty, health, education, and gender related indicators at the level of blocks. An approach similar to one suggested for the state level (allocation among districts) should be followed for block level allocations. It should depend on (a) relative extent of deficiency and (b) share of beneficiary population. R: District level authorities, apart from implementing the ongoing programmes, may implement two additional programmes for cash benefits for the extremely poor and provision of income generating asset that can be operated within the dwelling. C. Urban Poverty Reduction Strategy (UPRS) It is clear that people migrate to the urban areas for better income-earning opportunities as also for better education opportunities. The urban strategy has to cover both slum and non-slum areas. The hierarchical structure for designing an urban PRS-MASTER can be indicated as below. M: This will require development of wide-intersection free roads, network of higher education and technical education institutions, additional hospitals, additional power generation, and adequate water supply. Adequacy of power and skilled labour will provide stimulus to investment in the concerned area. Cities should be expanded around the periphery with ring roads and road networks. Location of industrial clusters around the periphery of towns and social infrastructure (hospitals, schools) will help generate necessary multiplier effects. A: The municipal budgets have to provide increased allocation for slum rehabilitation, city roads, and development. For undertaking capital expenditure on urban infrastructure, municipal debt may be utilized at least for the larger cities. S: As far as health and education are concerned, there are some hospitals and schools, which may be under the control of the city administration. Children living in slum areas are often forced to discontinue education and start doing some work. Hygienic conditions in slum areas are also a challenge. Major expenditure has to go for dismantling of illegal slums and rehabilitation activities. Location of new schools close to the clusters where poor may reside will also help. xv
Page 1: MONOGRAPH 6/2010 MDGs-BASED POVERTY
Page 5 and 6: MONOGRAPH 6/2010 March 2010 Price:
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS Acknowledgements Contents
Page 9 and 10: List of Tables Table 1.1 Millennium
Page 11 and 12: Table 5.10 Status of Urban Water Su
Page 13 and 14: Appendix 1.12 Maternal Mortality an
Page 15 and 16: MDGs-Based Poverty Reduction: Main
Page 17 and 18: . In terms of share of below povert
Page 19: of expenditure on public goods like
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 ISSUES AND INITIAL CONDIT
Page 25 and 26: The first three goals relate to era
Page 27 and 28: . Poverty in Tamil Nadu: Inter-stat
Page 29 and 30: and the urban poverty ratio was sli
Page 31 and 32: the total poor accounted for a prog
Page 33 and 34: physical development of people. Mor
Page 35 and 36: Table 1.11: Millennium Development
Page 37 and 38: indicates that Tamil Nadu will achi
Page 39 and 40: However, there is a scope for meeti
Page 41 and 42: status of malnutrition. The accepte
Page 43 and 44: The under-five mortality rate-U5MR
Page 45 and 46: (iv) HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Di
Page 47 and 48: 3. While Tami Nadu has done compara
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 REDUCING POVERTY: THE MAC
Page 51 and 52: est of the economy indicates the ex
Page 53 and 54: share of the tertiary sector in Tam
Page 55 and 56: Chart 2.1: Sectoral Growth in Tamil
Page 57 and 58: policies are in place to absorb lar
Page 59 and 60: In the context of interface between
Page 61 and 62: Table 2.7: Decomposition of the Hea
Page 63 and 64: Dutt are not so relevant for predic
Page 65 and 66: The SDE estimates vary across the s
Page 67 and 68: Chart 2.3 highlights that agricultu
Page 69 and 70: 2.6 Summary In summary the followin
Page 71 and 72:
Chapter 3 FISCAL REFORMS FOR POVERT
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Bardhan (1996) emphasizes that ofte
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atio of government employees to pop
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Table 3.2: Tamil Nadu in Inter-stat
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Chart 3.4: Own Tax Revenues Relativ
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collected by state-owned enterprise
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Chart 3.5: Capital Outlay as percen
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The Fiscal Policy Strategy Statemen
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f. Pension and Salary Expenditures
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10 it is kept at 40 percent to acco
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Government of Tamil Nadu has to sub
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Chapter 4 COPING WITH SPATIAL IMBAL
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In order to focus on the deficient
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Chart 4.2 indicates the arrangement
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Chart 4.5: Human Development Index:
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Table 4.4: Index of Gender Deficien
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Districts Table 4.7: Health Facilit
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Regarding access costs in availing
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4.6 Incidence of Poverty: District
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district followed by Villupuram and
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household willing to do public work
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Districts Table 4.13: Implementatio
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Table 4.14: Share of BPL Population
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Table 4.16: Block -wise Gross Acces
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Table 4.18: Block-wise IMR in Thiru
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8. For provision of safe drinking w
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Chapter 5 WATER, LAND AND AGRICULTU
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5.2 Water: Key Issues in Tamil Nadu
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Table 5.3: Sources of Water Supply
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funding under the Water Resources C
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In 2006-7, 65.83 percent of habitat
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the major cause for poor maintenanc
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about 30 litre per capita per day (
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2006-07). However, total area under
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nearly 3.5 times as high as the pri
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5.4 Agriculture: Key Issues Agricul
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Table 5.19: Productivity (Yield) of
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Only rice and sugarcane received ir
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iv. There are severe water quality
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Chapter 6 LAST MILE REACH STRATEGIE
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targeting as a device to improve ef
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eneficiaries and of delivering prog
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In the nighbourhood of the poverty
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inefficiencies. Some of the major c
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Tamil Nadu is close to achieving un
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programmes. It is the only Self Emp
Page 163 and 164:
districts in Tamil Nadu. Namadhu Gr
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6.5 Reaching Households and Individ
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proposition more insurable, a group
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line to post-office saving banks or
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each the urban poor who live in slu
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Eleventh Plan (2007) observes: “O
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i. provide financial assistance for
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unemployed or underemployed poor by
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Services Prepare detailed water sup
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Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND FORMULATION O
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positive and relatively high. The b
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3. In terms of composition of BPL p
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holdings are smaller than 4 hectare
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There are considerable inter-distri
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Table 7.1: Adjustment during 2007-0
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R i =(I a +I max -I i )/(I a +I max
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line to post-office saving banks or
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d. Targeting As far as rural areas
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7.6 Urban Poverty Reduction Strateg
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Fund, GoTN has created Tamil Nadu I
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Some initiative by Government of Ta
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• Addressing urban poverty allevi
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land. There is need to develop a sc
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REFERENCES Agarwal, S.P. (2005),
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Deaton, Angus and Alessandro Tarozz
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Himmelfarb, G. (1984), The Idea of
Page 215 and 216:
Report of the Working Group on Urba
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APPENDIX TABLES Appendix Table 1.1:
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Appendix Table 1.1 (contd.): Millen
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Appendix Table 1.2 (a): Poverty Lin
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Appendix Table 1.3: Poverty Gap Est
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Appendix Table 1.5: Head Count Rati
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Appendix Table 1.6 (contd.): Progre
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Appendix Table 1.8: Women’s Malnu
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Appendix Table 1.10: Child Mortalit
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Appendix Table 1.11 (contd.): State
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Appendix Table1.12 (contd.): Matern
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Appendix Table 2.3: Decomposition o
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and Publicity Relief from Natural C
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Appendix Table 4.3: Demography Rela
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Appendix Table 4.5: Health Faciliti
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Sl. No Appendix Table 4.7: Efficien
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Appendix Table 4.9: Employment unde
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Appendix Table 5.1: Major and Mediu
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Appendix Table 7.1: Indices for Dis
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ANNEXURES 231
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Monotonicity Sensitivity Axiom Mono
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component of the poverty line is th
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Fuchs (1969), while advocating the
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H = m/n (2) The head count ratio ig
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Annexure 1.3 UNIFORM RECALL PERIOD
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‣ Periyar became Erode; ‣ Tirun
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Women Receiving 3 Or More ANC Visit
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In Sivagangai, as per 2001 census,
Page 271 and 272:
Table 4.3: Block wise Gender Wise G
Page 273 and 274:
Block Table 4.6: Trained Teachers a
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Annexure 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUE
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Annexure 6.1 NOTES ON SELECTED CENT
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10. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalay
Page 281:
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