POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY TN

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Table 4.7: PHC wise Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and its rank order of Sivagangai District for the year 2002 to 2005 SI. No Block 2002 2003 2004 2005 Avg Rank 1 Keelapongudi 27.78 29.01 22.30 30.46 27.39 35 2 Idayamelur 36.96 26.20 34.60 28.99 31.69 39 3 Arasanur 42.08 38.25 27.30 26.90 33.63 42 4 Thamarakki 35.09 48.65 31.90 14.93 32.64 41 5 Muthanendal 12.06 15.35 20.00 18.33 16.43 13 6 Periyakottai 23.48 15.58 25.00 21.33 21.35 22 7 Thanjakkore 4.08 14.08 30.10 45.45 23.43 28 8 Kombukkaranendal 37.04 33.54 40.20 16.50 31.82 40 9 kallyarkoil 23.31 26.75 23.10 18.67 22.96 27 10 Maravamangalam 19.70 20.23 29.10 35.52 26.14 32 11 Sastharasankottai 20.83 15.79 6.80 6.67 12.52 5 12 Nattarasankottai 18.46 35.03 22.10 39.09 28.67 36 13 Kalayarmangalam 19.61 13.25 0.00 16.39 12.31 4 14 Panganery 26.42 11.49 30.30 21.93 22.53 25 15 Poovanthi 25.20 29.17 33.20 20.30 26.97 34 16 Palayanur 25.34 36.82 31.20 12.17 26.38 33 17 Thirupuvanam 25.04 18.71 22.10 23.30 22.29 24 18 Konthagai 37.65 32.79 23.40 23.53 29.34 37 19 Salaigramam 16.03 23.90 24.20 16.72 20.21 18 20 Thayamangalam 20.11 14.01 11.60 16.72 15.61 11 21 Sooranam 13.70 24.75 16.00 18.07 18.13 15 22 Thiruveganpet 11.76 4.57 4.20 16.33 9.21 2 23 Velayuthapattinam 24.63 14.93 24.60 20.41 21.14 21 24 ShanmuganathaPuram 9.23 9.32 9.30 12.31 10.04 3 25 Kulamangalam 6.54 10.31 14.90 3.64 8.85 1 26 Monni Karmangudi 3.16 23.03 13.40 12.74 13.08 8 27 Puduvayal 22.73 8.91 15.70 16.04 15.85 12 28 Peerkalaikadu 29.28 29.15 6.60 19.42 21.11 20 29 Kottaiyur 9.07 19.61 9.30 12.22 12.55 6 30 O Siruvayal 10.66 23.99 10.30 5.33 12.57 7 31 Neerkuppai 53.53 42.25 33.60 14.74 36.03 44 32 Keelaselvalpatti 14.52 36.25 16.20 8.97 18.98 17 33 Thirukostiyur 19.08 13.80 10.10 17.57 15.14 10 34 Sevanipatti 10.58 17.82 22.80 20.30 17.89 14 35 Piranmalai 25.30 25.39 24.60 21.12 24.10 29 36 Mallakottai 47.62 28.57 33.70 26.67 34.14 43 37 M.Surakudi 25.57 15.02 24.20 21.94 21.68 23 38 Kannangudi 37.74 15.27 18.10 28.63 24.93 31 39 Sembanur 14.44 18.02 26.20 14.55 18.30 16 40 Kandramanickam 40.82 39.01 21.30 22.56 30.92 38 41 Maruthangudi 33.16 18.18 21.60 10.61 20.89 19 42 Kundrakudi 5.75 27.03 11.60 14.53 14.73 9 43 V Pudur 17.90 11.46 44.20 17.95 22.88 26 44 Pulithipatti 26.13 22.39 16.70 33.33 24.64 30 District 22.94 22.67 21.31 19.63 21.64 Source: Vital Events Report, Deputy Director of Health Services, Sivagangai. 252
Annexure 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF EXCESS USE OF FERTILIZERS 20 The excess use of fertilizers can cause serious problems: 21 1. N is a mobile nutrient both in plants and soils. Surface runoffs of N cause unacceptable levels of bacteria and synthetic organic components. Leaching of N from the agricultural fields can elevate concentration in the groundwater level (i.e., contaminating groundwater). 2. Surplus N in the sap of crop will harm the plant growth because each plant grows well only with narrow bandwidth of soil nitrates. 3. N content in chemical fertilizers such as urea is around 40 per cent. A plant should consume it within three hours. Otherwise a sizeable amount of (surplus) N could be added to the environment (atmosphere) as ammonia by volatilization from soil surface, nitrous oxide or elemental nitrogen by denitrification. 22 4. The ammonia going into the atmosphere contributes to the acid rains, while N 2 O is involved in the depletion of ozone layer. 5. Phosphates do not leach readily as N because they are more tightly bound to soil particles. That is, they get fixed in the soil as insoluble compounds. However, they could leach from very light soils and move with eroded surface soil to surface waters such as lakes and ponds. 6. Both nitrogen and phosphorus eutrophication of lakes and ponds lead to excessive growth of aquatic plants (macrophytes). Overtime, if the process continues the reservoirs become with decaying mats of algae (phytoplankton), which create offensive odors and deplete the water of oxygen that may lead to death of fishes and other aquatic animal life. 7. As regards flowing water, phosphorus is the limiting nutrient. When all phosphorus is used, plant growth ceases irrespective of the amount of nitrogen available. Thus only if adequate phosphorus is available, increasing concentration of nitrates will lead to algal and macrophyte growth. 20 Farmers could also use pesticides more intensively because of intensive crop production that has led to an increased potential for damage by pests/diseases. Pesticides kill not only the pest concern but also a wide range of other organisms including beneficial insects and other pest predators. A drawback is the development of resistance in species. Some pesticides are highly soluble in water, and they may leach to groundwater underlying farming regions. 21 For many researchers, the pollution caused by fertilizers is the major concern. They refer it as a ‘chemical time bomb’ and suggest for immediate land management to overcome this. 22 About 20 per cent of N is available in the atmospheric air. But plants cannot directly consume it. Only bacteria can consume the atmospheric N and convert it in to Nitrate and fix it in to the soil. Afterwards the plants can consume it. 253
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MONOGRAPH 6/2010 MDGs-BASED POVERTY
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MONOGRAPH 6/2010 March 2010 Price:
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements Contents
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List of Tables Table 1.1 Millennium
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Table 5.10 Status of Urban Water Su
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Appendix 1.12 Maternal Mortality an
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MDGs-Based Poverty Reduction: Main
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. In terms of share of below povert
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of expenditure on public goods like
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households or individuals. For each
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Chapter 1 ISSUES AND INITIAL CONDIT
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The first three goals relate to era
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. Poverty in Tamil Nadu: Inter-stat
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and the urban poverty ratio was sli
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the total poor accounted for a prog
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physical development of people. Mor
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Table 1.11: Millennium Development
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indicates that Tamil Nadu will achi
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However, there is a scope for meeti
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status of malnutrition. The accepte
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The under-five mortality rate-U5MR
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(iv) HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Di
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3. While Tami Nadu has done compara
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Chapter 2 REDUCING POVERTY: THE MAC
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est of the economy indicates the ex
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share of the tertiary sector in Tam
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Chart 2.1: Sectoral Growth in Tamil
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policies are in place to absorb lar
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In the context of interface between
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Table 2.7: Decomposition of the Hea
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Dutt are not so relevant for predic
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The SDE estimates vary across the s
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Chart 2.3 highlights that agricultu
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2.6 Summary In summary the followin
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Chapter 3 FISCAL REFORMS FOR POVERT
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Bardhan (1996) emphasizes that ofte
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atio of government employees to pop
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Table 3.2: Tamil Nadu in Inter-stat
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Chart 3.4: Own Tax Revenues Relativ
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collected by state-owned enterprise
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Chart 3.5: Capital Outlay as percen
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The Fiscal Policy Strategy Statemen
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f. Pension and Salary Expenditures
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10 it is kept at 40 percent to acco
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Government of Tamil Nadu has to sub
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Chapter 4 COPING WITH SPATIAL IMBAL
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In order to focus on the deficient
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Chart 4.2 indicates the arrangement
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Chart 4.5: Human Development Index:
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Table 4.4: Index of Gender Deficien
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Districts Table 4.7: Health Facilit
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Regarding access costs in availing
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4.6 Incidence of Poverty: District
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district followed by Villupuram and
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household willing to do public work
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Districts Table 4.13: Implementatio
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Table 4.14: Share of BPL Population
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Table 4.16: Block -wise Gross Acces
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Table 4.18: Block-wise IMR in Thiru
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8. For provision of safe drinking w
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Chapter 5 WATER, LAND AND AGRICULTU
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5.2 Water: Key Issues in Tamil Nadu
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Table 5.3: Sources of Water Supply
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funding under the Water Resources C
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In 2006-7, 65.83 percent of habitat
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the major cause for poor maintenanc
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about 30 litre per capita per day (
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2006-07). However, total area under
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nearly 3.5 times as high as the pri
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5.4 Agriculture: Key Issues Agricul
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Table 5.19: Productivity (Yield) of
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Only rice and sugarcane received ir
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iv. There are severe water quality
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Chapter 6 LAST MILE REACH STRATEGIE
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targeting as a device to improve ef
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eneficiaries and of delivering prog
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In the nighbourhood of the poverty
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inefficiencies. Some of the major c
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Tamil Nadu is close to achieving un
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programmes. It is the only Self Emp
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districts in Tamil Nadu. Namadhu Gr
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6.5 Reaching Households and Individ
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proposition more insurable, a group
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line to post-office saving banks or
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each the urban poor who live in slu
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Eleventh Plan (2007) observes: “O
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i. provide financial assistance for
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unemployed or underemployed poor by
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Services Prepare detailed water sup
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Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND FORMULATION O
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positive and relatively high. The b
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3. In terms of composition of BPL p
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holdings are smaller than 4 hectare
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There are considerable inter-distri
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Table 7.1: Adjustment during 2007-0
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R i =(I a +I max -I i )/(I a +I max
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line to post-office saving banks or
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d. Targeting As far as rural areas
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7.6 Urban Poverty Reduction Strateg
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Fund, GoTN has created Tamil Nadu I
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Some initiative by Government of Ta
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• Addressing urban poverty allevi
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land. There is need to develop a sc
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REFERENCES Agarwal, S.P. (2005),
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Deaton, Angus and Alessandro Tarozz
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Himmelfarb, G. (1984), The Idea of
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Report of the Working Group on Urba
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APPENDIX TABLES Appendix Table 1.1:
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Appendix Table 1.1 (contd.): Millen
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Appendix Table 1.2 (a): Poverty Lin
Page 223 and 224: Appendix Table 1.3: Poverty Gap Est
Page 225 and 226: Appendix Table 1.5: Head Count Rati
Page 227 and 228: Appendix Table 1.6 (contd.): Progre
Page 229 and 230: Appendix Table 1.8: Women’s Malnu
Page 231 and 232: Appendix Table 1.10: Child Mortalit
Page 233 and 234: Appendix Table 1.11 (contd.): State
Page 235 and 236: Appendix Table1.12 (contd.): Matern
Page 237 and 238: Appendix Table 2.3: Decomposition o
Page 239 and 240: and Publicity Relief from Natural C
Page 241 and 242: Appendix Table 4.3: Demography Rela
Page 243 and 244: Appendix Table 4.5: Health Faciliti
Page 245 and 246: Sl. No Appendix Table 4.7: Efficien
Page 247 and 248: Appendix Table 4.9: Employment unde
Page 249 and 250: Appendix Table 5.1: Major and Mediu
Page 251 and 252: Appendix Table 7.1: Indices for Dis
Page 253 and 254: ANNEXURES 231
Page 255 and 256: Monotonicity Sensitivity Axiom Mono
Page 257 and 258: component of the poverty line is th
Page 259 and 260: Fuchs (1969), while advocating the
Page 261 and 262: H = m/n (2) The head count ratio ig
Page 263 and 264: Annexure 1.3 UNIFORM RECALL PERIOD
Page 265 and 266: ‣ Periyar became Erode; ‣ Tirun
Page 267 and 268: Women Receiving 3 Or More ANC Visit
Page 269 and 270: In Sivagangai, as per 2001 census,
Page 271 and 272: Table 4.3: Block wise Gender Wise G
Page 273: Block Table 4.6: Trained Teachers a
Page 277 and 278: Annexure 6.1 NOTES ON SELECTED CENT
Page 279 and 280: 10. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalay
Page 281: MSE Working Papers Recent Issues *
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