POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY TN

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In Tamil Nadu, in 1991 nearly 18.7 percent of urban population was in slums, which was only slightly below the all-India average. In 2001, this percentage has gone down to about 9.3 for Tamil Nadu while for all-India also the percentage fell to 14.1. However, there has been a considerable rise in absolute terms in the number of people living in slums. The number of people living in slums in India has more than doubled in the past two decades and now exceeds the entire population of Britain. India’s slumdwelling population had risen from 27.9 million in 1981 to 40.3 million in 2001. In Tamil Nadu, in 2001, nearly 2.53 people were living in slums. Table 6.12: Changing Share of Slum Population in Urban Population (1991 and 2001) (Population in Lakh) States 2001 Difference Urban Population Slum Population % of Slum to Urban Population in % (2001-1991) % Points Andhra Pradesh 205.04 51.49 25.11 1.0 Bihar 146.66 8.17 5.57 -18.1 Gujarat 188.99 13.46 7.12 -11.0 Haryana 61.14 14.21 23.24 6.4 Karnataka 179.20 12.67 7.07 -2.2 Kerala 82.67 4.53 5.48 -10.4 Madhya Pradesh 202.78 31.76 15.66 2.0 Maharashtra 410.20 106.44 25.95 0.2 Orissa 54.96 6.35 11.55 -8.4 Punjab 82.46 11.51 13.96 -9.6 Rajasthan 132.05 12.06 9.13 -14.7 Tamil Nadu 272.42 25.30 9.29 -9.4 Uttar Pradesh 366.83 43.51 11.86 -9.3 West Bengal 224.87 38.22 17.00 -10.8 Delhi 128.20 20.25 15.80 -10.7 All India 2853.5 402.97 14.12 -7.1 Source: As in Table 6.9. Note: Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh are the combined states where total are obtained by adding up the respective new and old states. However, the urban poor live in slums as well as in non-slum areas. In slum areas they are concentrated and in the non-slum areas, they are diffused. In the Eleventh Plan document of the Government of Tamil Nadu (2007), it is acknowledged that all the urban poor do not live in slums. The urban poor population in India is estimated to be nearly 9 crore currently, while the slum population is 4 crore. The 150
Eleventh Plan (2007) observes: “Our knowledge about the urban poor outside of slums is superficial. If there are as many urban poor living outside of slums as there are living in slums, the focus of poverty alleviation should differ considerably from merely aiming mainly to upgrade slums and to provide job training for slum dwellers. It is now recognized that provision of urban basic services to the poor will have to form the backbone of urban poverty alleviation programmes”. Table 6.13 gives details about the Tamil Nadu’s urban agglomerations. Table 6.13: Tamil Nadu – Distribution of Towns by Size Class, 2001 (Category-wise) Size class Types of Cities / Towns (Population Size) No. of Urban Agglomerations/ Towns Mega Cities (50,00,000 and above) 1 Metro Cities (10,00,000 – 49,99,999) 2 Class I Large Cities (5,00,000 – 9,99,999) 3 Medium Cities (3,00,000 – 4,99,999) 3 Small Cities (1,00,000 – 2,99,999) 20 Class II Large Towns (50,000 – 99,999) 45 Class III Medium Towns (20,000 – 49,999) 118 Class IV Small Towns (10,000 – 19,999) 282 Class V Towns (5,000 – 9,999) 182 Class VI Towns (below 5,000) 12 Total 668 Source: Study report of Association of Urban Management and Development Authorities (AMDA). c. Some Important Urban Poverty Reduction Programmes Government programmes aimed at urban poverty alleviation have a long history. Some of the main landmarks are noted below: 1958: Start of Urban Community Development (UCD) pilot project with an area-oriented approach. 1972: Start of Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIVS). 1985: Expansion of Urban Basic Services (UBS) programme, already implemented during 1981-84 in 42 towns with the help of UNICEF to 168 towns. 1989: Four pronged strategy comprising i. employment creation for low income communities through promotion of micro enterprises and public works, ii. housing and shelter upgradation, 151
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MONOGRAPH 6/2010 MDGs-BASED POVERTY
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MONOGRAPH 6/2010 March 2010 Price:
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements Contents
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List of Tables Table 1.1 Millennium
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Table 5.10 Status of Urban Water Su
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Appendix 1.12 Maternal Mortality an
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MDGs-Based Poverty Reduction: Main
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. In terms of share of below povert
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of expenditure on public goods like
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households or individuals. For each
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Chapter 1 ISSUES AND INITIAL CONDIT
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The first three goals relate to era
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. Poverty in Tamil Nadu: Inter-stat
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and the urban poverty ratio was sli
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the total poor accounted for a prog
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physical development of people. Mor
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Table 1.11: Millennium Development
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indicates that Tamil Nadu will achi
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However, there is a scope for meeti
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status of malnutrition. The accepte
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The under-five mortality rate-U5MR
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(iv) HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Di
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3. While Tami Nadu has done compara
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Chapter 2 REDUCING POVERTY: THE MAC
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est of the economy indicates the ex
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share of the tertiary sector in Tam
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Chart 2.1: Sectoral Growth in Tamil
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policies are in place to absorb lar
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In the context of interface between
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Table 2.7: Decomposition of the Hea
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Dutt are not so relevant for predic
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The SDE estimates vary across the s
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Chart 2.3 highlights that agricultu
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2.6 Summary In summary the followin
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Chapter 3 FISCAL REFORMS FOR POVERT
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Bardhan (1996) emphasizes that ofte
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atio of government employees to pop
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Table 3.2: Tamil Nadu in Inter-stat
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Chart 3.4: Own Tax Revenues Relativ
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collected by state-owned enterprise
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Chart 3.5: Capital Outlay as percen
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The Fiscal Policy Strategy Statemen
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f. Pension and Salary Expenditures
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10 it is kept at 40 percent to acco
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Government of Tamil Nadu has to sub
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Chapter 4 COPING WITH SPATIAL IMBAL
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In order to focus on the deficient
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Chart 4.2 indicates the arrangement
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Chart 4.5: Human Development Index:
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Table 4.4: Index of Gender Deficien
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Districts Table 4.7: Health Facilit
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Regarding access costs in availing
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4.6 Incidence of Poverty: District
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district followed by Villupuram and
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household willing to do public work
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Districts Table 4.13: Implementatio
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Table 4.14: Share of BPL Population
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Table 4.16: Block -wise Gross Acces
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Table 4.18: Block-wise IMR in Thiru
Page 121 and 122: 8. For provision of safe drinking w
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 5 WATER, LAND AND AGRICULTU
Page 125 and 126: 5.2 Water: Key Issues in Tamil Nadu
Page 127 and 128: Table 5.3: Sources of Water Supply
Page 129 and 130: funding under the Water Resources C
Page 131 and 132: In 2006-7, 65.83 percent of habitat
Page 133 and 134: the major cause for poor maintenanc
Page 135 and 136: about 30 litre per capita per day (
Page 137 and 138: 2006-07). However, total area under
Page 139 and 140: nearly 3.5 times as high as the pri
Page 141 and 142: 5.4 Agriculture: Key Issues Agricul
Page 143 and 144: Table 5.19: Productivity (Yield) of
Page 145 and 146: Only rice and sugarcane received ir
Page 147 and 148: iv. There are severe water quality
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 6 LAST MILE REACH STRATEGIE
Page 151 and 152: targeting as a device to improve ef
Page 153 and 154: eneficiaries and of delivering prog
Page 155 and 156: In the nighbourhood of the poverty
Page 157 and 158: inefficiencies. Some of the major c
Page 159 and 160: Tamil Nadu is close to achieving un
Page 161 and 162: programmes. It is the only Self Emp
Page 163 and 164: districts in Tamil Nadu. Namadhu Gr
Page 165 and 166: 6.5 Reaching Households and Individ
Page 167 and 168: proposition more insurable, a group
Page 169 and 170: line to post-office saving banks or
Page 171: each the urban poor who live in slu
Page 175 and 176: i. provide financial assistance for
Page 177 and 178: unemployed or underemployed poor by
Page 179 and 180: Services Prepare detailed water sup
Page 181 and 182: Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND FORMULATION O
Page 183 and 184: positive and relatively high. The b
Page 185 and 186: 3. In terms of composition of BPL p
Page 187 and 188: holdings are smaller than 4 hectare
Page 189 and 190: There are considerable inter-distri
Page 191 and 192: Table 7.1: Adjustment during 2007-0
Page 193 and 194: R i =(I a +I max -I i )/(I a +I max
Page 195 and 196: line to post-office saving banks or
Page 197 and 198: d. Targeting As far as rural areas
Page 199 and 200: 7.6 Urban Poverty Reduction Strateg
Page 201 and 202: Fund, GoTN has created Tamil Nadu I
Page 203 and 204: Some initiative by Government of Ta
Page 205 and 206: • Addressing urban poverty allevi
Page 207 and 208: land. There is need to develop a sc
Page 209 and 210: REFERENCES Agarwal, S.P. (2005),
Page 211 and 212: Deaton, Angus and Alessandro Tarozz
Page 213 and 214: Himmelfarb, G. (1984), The Idea of
Page 215 and 216: Report of the Working Group on Urba
Page 217 and 218: APPENDIX TABLES Appendix Table 1.1:
Page 219 and 220: Appendix Table 1.1 (contd.): Millen
Page 221 and 222: Appendix Table 1.2 (a): Poverty Lin
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Appendix Table 1.3: Poverty Gap Est
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Appendix Table 1.5: Head Count Rati
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Appendix Table 1.6 (contd.): Progre
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Appendix Table 1.8: Women’s Malnu
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Appendix Table 1.10: Child Mortalit
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Appendix Table 1.11 (contd.): State
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Appendix Table1.12 (contd.): Matern
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Appendix Table 2.3: Decomposition o
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and Publicity Relief from Natural C
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Appendix Table 4.3: Demography Rela
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Appendix Table 4.5: Health Faciliti
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Sl. No Appendix Table 4.7: Efficien
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Appendix Table 4.9: Employment unde
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Appendix Table 5.1: Major and Mediu
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Appendix Table 7.1: Indices for Dis
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ANNEXURES 231
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Monotonicity Sensitivity Axiom Mono
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component of the poverty line is th
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Fuchs (1969), while advocating the
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H = m/n (2) The head count ratio ig
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Annexure 1.3 UNIFORM RECALL PERIOD
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‣ Periyar became Erode; ‣ Tirun
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Women Receiving 3 Or More ANC Visit
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In Sivagangai, as per 2001 census,
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Table 4.3: Block wise Gender Wise G
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Block Table 4.6: Trained Teachers a
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Annexure 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUE
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Annexure 6.1 NOTES ON SELECTED CENT
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10. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalay
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