POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY TN

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possible. Even some of the marginal and small farmers seek jobs outside their farms as they area able to cultivate in only one season. Table 5.15: Total Agricultural Workers (Million) Details 1981 1991 2001 Annual Growth rate (%) Agricultural Workers 12.59 14.8 13.76 1981-1991:1.63 1991-2001: -0.73 Source: Census of India, 2001. Table 5.16, based on National Sample Survey (NSS) data shows that the largest workforce was in the primary sector, but its share has been falling since 1993-94. The share of secondary and tertiary sector has increased. The primary sector accounted for 57.9 percent of total employment in 1983. This share fell to 40.5 percent in 2004. During this period, the share of workforce in the manufacturing sector increased from 20.4 percent to 28.2 percent. The share of the tertiary sector also increased from 21.7 percent in 1983 to 31.3 percent in 2004. The main policy challenge is therefore to absorb the workforce released from agriculture in the tertiary sector. This would call for strategies for education and training. Adequate investment in these would lead to a quantum jump in the level of human development as people are employed with higher educational qualifications will earn higher per capita incomes in the fast growing tertiary sector. Table 5.16: Sectoral Profile of Employment (Millions) Year Primary Secondary Tertiary Total 1983 13.9 (57.9) 4.9 (20.4) 5.2 (21.7) 24.0 (100) 1987-88 13.9 (53.7) 5.9 (22.8) 6.0 (23.2) 25.9 (100) 1993-94 15.4 (54.0) 6.2 (21.8) 6.9 (24.2) 28.5 (100) 1999-00 14.6 (50.3) 6.9 (23.8) 7.5 (25.9) 29.0 (100) 2004 11.9 (40.5) 8.3 (28.2) 9.2 (31.3) 29.4 (100) Note: Computed based on NSS Usual (Principal + Subsidiary) Status data. Figures in parentheses are percent share. c. Labour Productivity in Primary Sector Table 5.17 highlights sectoral labour productivity by relating the work force and gross value added (GVA) per worker for the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. The labour productivity (output per worker as measured by gross value added (GVA) per capita) in the primary sector with GVA at Rs. 10593 in 2004 is nearly 5 times as low as in the tertiary sector with GVA per capita of Rs. 57491 and that in the secondary sector is 116
nearly 3.5 times as high as the primary sector. During 1983 to 2004, the labour productivity increased only from Rs. 5888 to Rs.10593 (1993-94 prices) in the primary sector. It increased from Rs. 21922 to Rs. 34597 in the secondary and from Rs. 24550 to Rs. 57491 in the tertiary sector. During 1993-94 to 2004, the GVA in the primary sector increased at 1.4 percent while employment (-2.37 percent) registered negative growth. Table 5.17: Employment and Labour Productivity in Various Sectors Sectors Indicators 1983 1987- 88 1993- 94 1999- 00 2004 Growth Rates (%) 1983 to 1993-94 1993- to 2004 94 Primary Employment 13.9 13.9 15.4 14.6 11.9 1.08 -2.37 GVAper capita 5888 6625 9263 10616 10593 4.64 1.35 Secondary Employment 4.9 5.9 6.2 6.9 8.3 2.41 2.96 GVA per capita 21922 21054 31274 41006 35497 3.62 1.27 Tertiary Employment 5.2 6 6.9 7.5 9.2 2.77 2.91 GVA per capita 24550 29559 34630 54375 57491 3.5 5.20 Total Employment 24 25.9 28.5 29 29.4 1.75 0.31 GVA per capita 13205 15199 20193 29164 32299 4.34 4.81 Source (Basic Data): Central Statistical Organisation, National Sample Survey and EPW Research Foundation (for GSDP figures 1983 and 1987-88). Note: Employment in millions and gross value added (GVA) in Rs. (1993-94 prices). d. Waste Land Tamil Nadu has 17303.29 sq. km of its land designated as wastelands, which is about 13.3 percent of total geographical area of the state (Vencatesan, 2006). In 2006-07, the State Government implemented a scheme “Distribution of Two Acre Wastelands to Landless Poor Agricultural Labour Families”. The major objectives of the scheme are to empower landless agricultural labour households through distribution of entitlements on government wastelands to them, and to develop both government and private wastelands into cultivable lands. The entitlement on Government poramboke lands will be distributed to landless agricultural labour households and the entitlements on Government poramboke wastelands under encroachment by farmers will be accorded to the existing occupants. Private patta wastelands of small and marginal farmers will be developed and made suitable for cultivation and this shall be done either as individual fields or as a cluster of fields. Tamil Nadu Watershed Development Agency is implementing this scheme, dovetailing various schemes for development of land, irrigation, and agricultural production in the Departments of Agriculture, Horticulture, and Rural Development. Soil 117
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MONOGRAPH 6/2010 MDGs-BASED POVERTY
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MONOGRAPH 6/2010 March 2010 Price:
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CONTENTS Acknowledgements Contents
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List of Tables Table 1.1 Millennium
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Table 5.10 Status of Urban Water Su
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Appendix 1.12 Maternal Mortality an
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MDGs-Based Poverty Reduction: Main
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. In terms of share of below povert
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of expenditure on public goods like
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households or individuals. For each
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Chapter 1 ISSUES AND INITIAL CONDIT
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The first three goals relate to era
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. Poverty in Tamil Nadu: Inter-stat
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and the urban poverty ratio was sli
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the total poor accounted for a prog
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physical development of people. Mor
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Table 1.11: Millennium Development
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indicates that Tamil Nadu will achi
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However, there is a scope for meeti
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status of malnutrition. The accepte
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The under-five mortality rate-U5MR
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(iv) HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Di
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3. While Tami Nadu has done compara
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Chapter 2 REDUCING POVERTY: THE MAC
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est of the economy indicates the ex
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share of the tertiary sector in Tam
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Chart 2.1: Sectoral Growth in Tamil
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policies are in place to absorb lar
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In the context of interface between
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Table 2.7: Decomposition of the Hea
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Dutt are not so relevant for predic
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The SDE estimates vary across the s
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Chart 2.3 highlights that agricultu
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2.6 Summary In summary the followin
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Chapter 3 FISCAL REFORMS FOR POVERT
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Bardhan (1996) emphasizes that ofte
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atio of government employees to pop
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Table 3.2: Tamil Nadu in Inter-stat
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Chart 3.4: Own Tax Revenues Relativ
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collected by state-owned enterprise
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Chart 3.5: Capital Outlay as percen
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The Fiscal Policy Strategy Statemen
Page 87 and 88: f. Pension and Salary Expenditures
Page 89 and 90: 10 it is kept at 40 percent to acco
Page 91 and 92: Government of Tamil Nadu has to sub
Page 93 and 94: Chapter 4 COPING WITH SPATIAL IMBAL
Page 95 and 96: In order to focus on the deficient
Page 97 and 98: Chart 4.2 indicates the arrangement
Page 99 and 100: Chart 4.5: Human Development Index:
Page 101 and 102: Table 4.4: Index of Gender Deficien
Page 103 and 104: Districts Table 4.7: Health Facilit
Page 105 and 106: Regarding access costs in availing
Page 107 and 108: 4.6 Incidence of Poverty: District
Page 109 and 110: district followed by Villupuram and
Page 111 and 112: household willing to do public work
Page 113 and 114: Districts Table 4.13: Implementatio
Page 115 and 116: Table 4.14: Share of BPL Population
Page 117 and 118: Table 4.16: Block -wise Gross Acces
Page 119 and 120: Table 4.18: Block-wise IMR in Thiru
Page 121 and 122: 8. For provision of safe drinking w
Page 123 and 124: Chapter 5 WATER, LAND AND AGRICULTU
Page 125 and 126: 5.2 Water: Key Issues in Tamil Nadu
Page 127 and 128: Table 5.3: Sources of Water Supply
Page 129 and 130: funding under the Water Resources C
Page 131 and 132: In 2006-7, 65.83 percent of habitat
Page 133 and 134: the major cause for poor maintenanc
Page 135 and 136: about 30 litre per capita per day (
Page 137: 2006-07). However, total area under
Page 141 and 142: 5.4 Agriculture: Key Issues Agricul
Page 143 and 144: Table 5.19: Productivity (Yield) of
Page 145 and 146: Only rice and sugarcane received ir
Page 147 and 148: iv. There are severe water quality
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 6 LAST MILE REACH STRATEGIE
Page 151 and 152: targeting as a device to improve ef
Page 153 and 154: eneficiaries and of delivering prog
Page 155 and 156: In the nighbourhood of the poverty
Page 157 and 158: inefficiencies. Some of the major c
Page 159 and 160: Tamil Nadu is close to achieving un
Page 161 and 162: programmes. It is the only Self Emp
Page 163 and 164: districts in Tamil Nadu. Namadhu Gr
Page 165 and 166: 6.5 Reaching Households and Individ
Page 167 and 168: proposition more insurable, a group
Page 169 and 170: line to post-office saving banks or
Page 171 and 172: each the urban poor who live in slu
Page 173 and 174: Eleventh Plan (2007) observes: “O
Page 175 and 176: i. provide financial assistance for
Page 177 and 178: unemployed or underemployed poor by
Page 179 and 180: Services Prepare detailed water sup
Page 181 and 182: Chapter 7 SUMMARY AND FORMULATION O
Page 183 and 184: positive and relatively high. The b
Page 185 and 186: 3. In terms of composition of BPL p
Page 187 and 188: holdings are smaller than 4 hectare
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There are considerable inter-distri
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Table 7.1: Adjustment during 2007-0
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R i =(I a +I max -I i )/(I a +I max
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line to post-office saving banks or
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d. Targeting As far as rural areas
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7.6 Urban Poverty Reduction Strateg
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Fund, GoTN has created Tamil Nadu I
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Some initiative by Government of Ta
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• Addressing urban poverty allevi
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land. There is need to develop a sc
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REFERENCES Agarwal, S.P. (2005),
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Deaton, Angus and Alessandro Tarozz
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Himmelfarb, G. (1984), The Idea of
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Report of the Working Group on Urba
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APPENDIX TABLES Appendix Table 1.1:
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Appendix Table 1.1 (contd.): Millen
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Appendix Table 1.2 (a): Poverty Lin
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Appendix Table 1.3: Poverty Gap Est
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Appendix Table 1.5: Head Count Rati
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Appendix Table 1.6 (contd.): Progre
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Appendix Table 1.8: Women’s Malnu
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Appendix Table 1.10: Child Mortalit
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Appendix Table 1.11 (contd.): State
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Appendix Table1.12 (contd.): Matern
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Appendix Table 2.3: Decomposition o
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and Publicity Relief from Natural C
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Appendix Table 4.3: Demography Rela
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Appendix Table 4.5: Health Faciliti
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Sl. No Appendix Table 4.7: Efficien
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Appendix Table 4.9: Employment unde
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Appendix Table 5.1: Major and Mediu
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Appendix Table 7.1: Indices for Dis
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ANNEXURES 231
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Monotonicity Sensitivity Axiom Mono
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component of the poverty line is th
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Fuchs (1969), while advocating the
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H = m/n (2) The head count ratio ig
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Annexure 1.3 UNIFORM RECALL PERIOD
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‣ Periyar became Erode; ‣ Tirun
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Women Receiving 3 Or More ANC Visit
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In Sivagangai, as per 2001 census,
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Table 4.3: Block wise Gender Wise G
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Block Table 4.6: Trained Teachers a
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Annexure 5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUE
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Annexure 6.1 NOTES ON SELECTED CENT
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10. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalay
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