Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 82 Other potential industries include energy-intensive industries such as float glass, a few heavy chemical industries, paper and pulp. Negotiations could develop sector-wide agreements between all companies active in a particular sector, e.g. all car manufacturers or all cement producers. Sectoral commitments can be specified in a narrower basis than total national emissions, and consider specific sector options. The collection of information and data about the status of a sector may help benchmarking, such as key performance indicators or identifying best practice, which in the longer term could help identifying common medium-term goals. Sectoral approaches make the comparison of efforts between countries within a sector a relatively easy process – although comparing results across sectors may be difficult. Sharing and spreading of best practice within companies may increase operational efficiency; diffusion of technology would improve performance of the least efficient installations. Sectoral approaches attempt to engage governments and big industries in emerging economies, which is where the most potential for emission reduction lies, because of the tremendous expected emission growth. As sectoral approaches are mainly voluntary, incentives for participation are needed, such as technical assistance to improve operational efficiency, access to improved technology, or developing sector-based GHG credits. Initiatives that involve governments may have other additional benefits: sharing of best practice of governments in order to remove regulations and other barriers on technology diffusion among others; cooperation in development of new breakthrough technology (e.g. International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI) CO2 breakthrough programme). Governments and business may also learn to better understand each other and jointly solve the problem of climate change. Sectoral approaches could, as a side-effect, help define national commitments, cap-setting and allocation (only if free allocation is chosen). Data Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 83 definition and collection would provide governments a more thorough base to calculate abatement potentials in a given sector, and therefore to set targets in a more equitable way. Weaknesses Some crucial challenges of global sector industry approaches have been identified (Egenhofer, 2008). Sectoral approaches are very data-intensive. However, there is rich experience regarding data collection and use, e.g. for benchmarking performance, within existing global sectoral industry approaches (under the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) or the Asia- Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP), which will be introduced in another section). There is difficulty in establishing standard measures: e.g. India uses coal (with higher per unit CO2 emissions) for industrial heating, while the EU uses mostly gas. India has also many local and inefficient industrial plants that provide local services that are very difficult to replace. Global sectoral industry approaches can be seen as some kind of sector-wide coordinated activity. Anti-trust concerns in different national or regional jurisdictions may raise. Because of the expanded roles of industry groupings, there would be issues on how the market functions, it may not be transparent. Independent 3 rd parties could be used to protect confidentiality of participant’s information. It has been said before that one of the objectives of sectoral approaches is to enhance participation of major companies of key energy-intensive industries in emerging economies, where most of the additional emissions will come from. However, developing countries may perceive sectoral approaches as a way to push them to binding commitments. Incentives are needed for this Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Page 1:
UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS ESC
Page 4 and 5:
Summary ii Summary The objective of
Page 6 and 7:
Summary iv The recent rise of secto
Page 8 and 9:
Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
Page 10 and 11:
Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
Page 12 and 13:
Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
Page 14 and 15:
Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
Page 16 and 17:
Index of figures xiv Index of figur
Page 18 and 19:
Index of figures xvi Figure 4 - 10.
Page 20 and 21:
Index of figures xviii unilateral w
Page 22 and 23:
Index of tables xx Table 3 - 2. Pos
Page 25 and 26:
1 Introduction
Page 27 and 28:
Chapter 1. Introduction 3 responsib
Page 29 and 30:
Chapter 1. Introduction 5 ideas. Fr
Page 31 and 32:
Chapter 1. Introduction 7 In 1995,
Page 33 and 34:
Chapter 1. Introduction 9 3 Climate
Page 35 and 36:
Chapter 1. Introduction 11 The IPCC
Page 37 and 38:
Chapter 1. Introduction 13 although
Page 39 and 40:
Chapter 1. Introduction 15 4.2 The
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 1. Introduction 17 4.2.1 Fl
Page 43 and 44:
Chapter 1. Introduction 19 use were
Page 45 and 46:
Chapter 1. Introduction 21 4.2.1.3
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter 1. Introduction 23 Some fir
Page 49 and 50:
Chapter 1. Introduction 25 5.2 Dial
Page 51 and 52:
Chapter 1. Introduction 27 and Sust
Page 53 and 54:
Chapter 1. Introduction 29 These me
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 1. Introduction 31 COP13 de
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 1. Introduction 33 COP/MOP5
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 1. Introduction 35 asking f
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 2. Options for future clima
Page 105: Chapter 2. Options for future clima
Page 153 and 154: Chapter 3. Implications of future c
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 3. Implications of future c
Page 157 and 158:
Chapter 3. Implications of future c
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
4 Case study: Spain
Page 189 and 190:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 165 re
Page 191 and 192:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 167 Sp
Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 169 Fi
Page 195 and 196:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 171 in
Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 173 Ta
Page 199 and 200:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 175 Fu
Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 177 So
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 181 Fi
Page 207 and 208:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 183 2.
Page 209 and 210:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 185 Ag
Page 211 and 212:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 187 In
Page 213 and 214:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 189 Si
Page 215 and 216:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 191 ne
Page 217 and 218:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 193 av
Page 219 and 220:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 195 th
Page 221 and 222:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 197 Im
Page 223 and 224:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 199 Th
Page 225 and 226:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 201 Th
Page 227 and 228:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 203 1,
Page 229 and 230:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 205 Ne
Page 231 and 232:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 207 So
Page 233 and 234:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 209 19
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 213 %
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 215 Mo
Page 241 and 242:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 217 ab
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 219 ba
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 223 30
Page 249 and 250:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
Page 251 and 252:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 227 further
Page 253 and 254:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 229 3.1 Emis
Page 255 and 256:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 231 China’
Page 257 and 258:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 233 attracti
Page 259 and 260:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 235 It is cl
Page 261 and 262:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 237 change a
Page 263 and 264:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 239 3.3 Inte
Page 265 and 266:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 241 Technolo
Page 267 and 268:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 243 3.4 Sect
Page 269 and 270:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 245 The Japa
Page 271 and 272:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 247 The next
Page 273 and 274:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 249 conditio
Page 275 and 276:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
Page 277 and 278:
References 253 References Abanades,
Page 279 and 280:
References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
Page 281:
References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
show all

Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?