Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 114 commitments on the part of developing countries have to be matched by clearly identifiable and transparent support from industrialized countries. The biggest task at hand: forging an alliance between North and South – with the emerging economies on mitigation and with the poorer countries on adaptation. A global effort is needed: around 50% of emissions at the moment come from Annex I countries, with the remaining 50% from non-Annex I countries, and this is rising rapidly. Substantial contributions from the South will require equally substantial financial and non-financial support from the North. While a cap-and-trade program is likely to be at the center of any post-Kyoto agreement, it should not be the only part of the agreement. A simple extension of the Kyoto Protocol’s cap-and-trade approach is not likely to succeed in broadening developing country participation. Under the Bali Action Plan, it would likely be limited to developed countries, these are the only ones that agreed to even consider “quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives”. Its effects on emissions on developing countries – currently around 50% of world emissions and increasing – would be limited unless they changed their position. Second, the United States is not likely to ratify an agreement that does not involve developing countries. Third, a cap-and-trade program is not likely to work effectively in developing countries, due to the lack of elements such as strict monitoring, adherence to the rule of law, and citizen participation. Even in developed countries, market imperfections impede to achieve all potential benefits of a cap-and-trade program. The Kyoto Protocol type of commitment, absolute nation-wide emission reduction targets, will certainly continue; emission cuts will be deepened and the emission trading system strengthened. But maybe, not as a stand-alone approach. These limitations in a stand-alone cap-and-trade program may strengthen the case for other approaches such as policy-based commitments (Section 2.3) or international sectoral agreements (Section 2.2). The Bali Action Plan includes a specific reference to sectoral approaches, thereby ensuring that they are part of Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 115 the negotiations for the post-2012 agreement. International sectoral agreements could broaden participation in a post-Kyoto agreement, may simplify negotiations, allow countries to focus on priority concerns, and reduce international competitiveness issues by bringing all competitors into the same agreement. The Bali Plan of Action can be reasonably understood as creating a process that will include different types of approaches. It calls for enhanced action on mitigation, which can be understood as including another round of emission reductions – steeper cuts on emissions – and following the approach taken in the Kyoto Protocol. Enhanced developed country action also includes other “measurable, reportable, and verifiable” mitigation actions that may be nationally appropriate; these could result in mitigation agreements that go beyond the quantified Kyoto emission reductions, such as international sectoral agreements or policy-based commitments. The commitment by developing countries to consider mitigation measures that are “supported and enabled bu technology, financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner”, also appears to include these type of alternative approaches. For developing countries, this mitigation actions would need to be supported by appropriate resources. The Bali Action Plan appears to put on course a post-Kyoto agreement that looks further into the future, involves developing countries to a greater degree, and is broader in scope than the Kyoto Protocol. However, it leaves much to future negotiations, it represents an incremental step towards the future climate change agreement. 4 Recent proposals for a full future climate regime Recently several prominent proposals for a full international climate regime have been made by various groups. All of these are from non-governmental institutions but most were prepared with government input, and therefore provide a good overview of the range of options. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS ESC
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
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Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
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Index of figures xiv Index of figur
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Index of figures xvi Figure 4 - 10.
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1 Introduction
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Chapter 1. Introduction 7 In 1995,
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Chapter 1. Introduction 9 3 Climate
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Chapter 1. Introduction 11 The IPCC
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 227 further
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 229 3.1 Emis
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 233 attracti
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 243 3.4 Sect
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 247 The next
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 249 conditio
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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