Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 92 3.1 Criterion-based assessment This section reviews international climate change agreements using the same criteria as in Section 2.1.4 (IPCC, 2007): environmental effectiveness, cost- effectiveness, distributional considerations and institutional feasibility. As the different approaches have been assessed throughout their description, they will not be thoroughly discussed in this section. The discussion is summarized in the table below. Table 2 - 8. Criterion based assessment of international climate change agreements Approach National emission targets and international emission trading Sectoral agreements Environmental effectiveness Depends on participation and compliance. If objectives are not strong enough, the carbon price will not be able to achieve the necessary changes in technology or to dissuade consumers. Not all sectors are compatible with this approach; global efficiency decreases with a reduced number of sectors. Cost-effectiveness Emission trading is seen as the most cost-effective system, but this decreases with limited participation and low gas and sector coverage. Lack of trading across sectors increases overall costs. May be cost- effective within a sector. Distributional considerations Depends on initial allocation. Takes into account national circumstances. Reduces competitiveness concerns within a sector. Depends on participation. Institutional feasibility Depends on capacity to prepare inventories and compliance. Many separate decisions and technical capacity. Each sector may require cross- country institutions to manage agreements. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 93 Coordinated policies and measures Technology oriented agreements Development- oriented actions Global emission level uncertain. Individual measures may be effective. Success is a function of compliance. Depends on funding, when technologies are developed and policies for diffusion. Focuses on the long term, may not be able to reach low stabilization levels. May be small in the short term, but can early lead to less carbon intensive development with impact in long-term emissions. Depends on national policies and design of synergies. 3.1.1 Environmental effectiveness Depends on policy design. Depends on R&D risk. Cooperation reduces individual national risk. Marginal costs across all sectors would no be equalized. Depends on the package of policies and the extent of integration with other development objectives. May limit flexibility, but increase equity. Emphasizes the need to act rather than to meet a particular target. Intellectual property concerns may be an obstacle to technology transfer. They focus specifically on the equity aspect of the need for economic development, but this depends mainly on distributional effects of development policies. Easier with a smaller group of countries than at a global scale. Many separate decisions. Depends on research capacity and long- term funding. Depends mainly on the national infrastructure to implement policies and measures and of priority given to sustainable development. Environmental effective agreements lead to reductions in global GHG emissions and concentrations, or decrease climate impacts. Their success depends greatly on the incentives provided in order to achieve the specific outcome. A critical element in the effectiveness of an international agreement is its implementation context: it will certainly be more successful in a country with a Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS ESC
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
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Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
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Index of figures xiv Index of figur
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Index of tables xx Table 3 - 2. Pos
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1 Introduction
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Chapter 1. Introduction 9 3 Climate
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Chapter 1. Introduction 11 The IPCC
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 227 further
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 229 3.1 Emis
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 239 3.3 Inte
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 243 3.4 Sect
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 245 The Japa
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 247 The next
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 249 conditio
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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