Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 72 prefer to sell cheap emission reductions - so called “low hanging fruits” - in the CDM; in this case early action is partly discouraged. The Tryptich approach is a mix of both. Early action in the domestic sectors is encouraged, as emission allowances will eventually converge. However, for the industrial and power sectors, assigning allowances based on emission levels of the point in time the system comes into effect, may be an incentive to increase emissions until then to have a higher target once participating. 2.1.4.2 Cost-effectiveness The most cost-effective approach is the one that achieves the desired goal at the least cost. The optimal approach would also give participants flexibility to reach their commitments, tailored to their national needs and priorities. It would also ensure that participants have certainty on the inferred costs of taking on commitments. All the approaches selected include emission reduction targets, and therefore emissions trading can be applied. It is seen as the most cost-effective system as it should ensure that all marginal abatement costs are comparable in all participating countries, and that reductions occur where they are the most economically efficient. Emissions can be reduced across sectors, gases and borders. Participating countries, however, have low certainty of the total costs needed to meet their targets. Under the Tryptich approach emission reductions would be shared efficiently as it specifically takes into account national circumstances and existing emission reduction potentials. The second stage of the Multistage approach, pledge for sustainable development, is also cost-effective. Efforts for development are joined with possibly small additional efforts for climate. They have the freedom to implement any sustainable development policy as long as their emissions stay below a certain threshold. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 73 In the Contraction and Convergence approach, due to the immediate participation of all countries, the use of the emission reduction of all of them can help reduce the global costs. This approach would incur the largest transfer of resources from developed to developing countries, through the sale of excess emission allowances. It has already been introduced before that in order to be cost-effective, the approach should take the diverse starting positions of countries into account – the current situation, fossil fuels and potential for renewable energy sources, climatic conditions and other. The Tryptich approach was specifically developed to take into account the structural differences at sector level: standard of living, population growth, fuel mix for power generation, economic structure, energy efficiencies and projected future changes. In the Multistage approach, the introduction of several stages allows for additional considerations of national circumstances. It allows newly participating countries to do so through a first ‘soft’ step. Contraction and Convergence considers national circumstances to the lowest extent. The only criterion for differentiation of targets is the current level of per capita emissions. This may lead to abrupt changes in the emission trends of participants, including major developing countries. 2.1.4.3 Distributional considerations Policies’ impacts, environmental benefits or costs, are rarely distributed evenly across stakeholders. The distributional considerations of climate change policies relate largely to equity. Equity and fairness may be perceived differently by different people. Responsibility, capacity and need are widely recognized to serve as a normative basis for a climate policy regime. The principle of need refers to the fact that meeting basic human needs and economic development are essential for Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS ESC
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
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Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
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Index of figures xiv Index of figur
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1 Introduction
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Chapter 1. Introduction 11 The IPCC
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 227 further
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 229 3.1 Emis
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 247 The next
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 249 conditio
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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