Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 220 In order to differentiate commitments, a number of measures were proposed. GHG reduction commitments in the sectors not covered by the EU ETS could be allocated in such a way that Member States with a higher ability to pay get higher efforts awarded – using GDP per capita as the main criteria. Furthermore there is the option to distribute the auctioning rights differently between Member States. Given that redistribution of RES targets might lead to high costs, trade in RES could be allowed. Finally investments in JI/CDM impacts on the overall costs of the package. The year 2005 is used as a common reference, therefore the individual achievements of each country until 2005 are socialized. Since global EU reduction in 2005 was 6%, a global reduction target of 14% is established in order to achieve the unilateral EU 20% reduction target compared to 1990 levels. This is very beneficial for countries that have reduced less than the average, such as Spain. In addition, due to Spain’s peak of emissions in 2005, it is especially beneficial for Spain. The 14% GHG reduction is split between 21% reduction in sectors covered by the ETS (60% of total reduction), and 10% reduction in disperse sources (40% of total reduction). In Table 4 – 17 an example is given of reduction targets by 2020 compared to 2005 levels for Spain for the sectors not covered by the EU ETS (as Spain’s GDP per capita is approximately in the EU average, its reduction target would also be 10%), of RES targets by 2020 and of auctioning with a certain distribution of auctioning rights between the Member States (certain countries, including Spain – 13% – receive and additional amount of allowances to auction, due to an expected higher economic growth and therefore a higher reduction effort). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 221 Table 4 - 17 . Targets proposed for Spain 2020 by the EC Reduction target in sectors not covered by the EU ETS compared to 2005 Share Renewables in the final energy demand by 2020 Amount of auctioning rights received by Member States on top of the 90% distributed according to proportional 2005 EU ETS emissions These targets implicitly lead to a +31.80% emission target compared to 1990 levels by 2020 for Spain (see Table 4 – 18), which if compared with the actual Kyoto Target (+15% compared to 1990 by 2012) is very beneficial for Spain. The EC’s proposed target for Spain is two times higher than the Spain’s Kyoto target; and not only is it beneficial in reduction levels, but also in time targets, being referred to 2020 instead of 2012. Table 4 - 18 . Implicit GHG emission target compared to 1990 levels proposed by the EC for Spain 2020 EU 2020 MS 2020 MS 2005 EU % EU ETS 2020 non- %reduction 2012 MS 2005 non- 2020 non- emission 1990 2005 ETS ETS emission EU ETS for all target EU ETS EU ETS (IMPLICIT) emissions emissions verified verified allowances %reduction emissions compared emissions reduction for all (MtCO2eq.) (MtCO2eq.) emissions emissions for compared compared to 1990 (MtCO2eq.) (MtCO2eq.) sectors (MtCO2eq.) of 2005 auctions to 2005 to 1990 levels (MtCO2eq.) (MtCO2eq.) levels 288,4 440,6 182,9 8,62 257,7 148,19 -10% 231,93 380,12 31,80% 15% In figure 4 – 31 it can be observed the difference in emission targets at European level and Spain, who is very much beneficiated by the recent Commission’s proposal for effort sharing. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008 -10% 20% 13%
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UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS ESC
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
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Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
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Index of figures xiv Index of figur
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1 Introduction
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Chapter 1. Introduction 7 In 1995,
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Chapter 1. Introduction 9 3 Climate
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Chapter 1. Introduction 11 The IPCC
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4 Case study: Spain
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Page 277 and 278: References 253 References Abanades,
Page 279 and 280: References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
Page 281: References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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