Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 102 At COP8 in New Delhi 2002, Prime Minister Vajpayee said that the only equitable form for the future would be one based on equal per capita rights. Since India’s per capita emissions are only a third of the world average, a per- capita approach is preferred. Choosing an approach that clearly incorporates the element of per-capita emissions could open the door for possible acceptance by India. India relieves that an agreement based on sector-specific reviews of options and associated barriers would be more effective than a conventional top down approach. Its position is rather firm, but open to negotiations (see Kumar et al., 2008). 3.2.2.2 China China is experiencing a remarkable growth in GDP (9% in 2003). China’s top priority is economic development. The severe environmental problems – e.g. the utilization rate of water resources is two times higher than the internationally accepted warning line – and unfavourable energy resource endowment – 2 nd biggest oil importer in the world, although having huge amounts of domestic coal-, are forcing China to take some measures. These include encouraging energy saving, the use of clean energy and the development of energy efficiency and renewable energy. The size, the strong dependence of coal and the fast growth of China will result in high emissions in the future. In order to achieve relatively low stabilization levels, it would be necessary to slow China’s emission growth already by 2020 .Under C&C and CDC, emissions have to be reduced below current non-Annex I average – China’s emissions per capita are slightly above the non-Annex I average -, China would therefore need to reduce emissions early under these approaches. However, under C&C, it would at the same time a positive impacts from the sale of emission allowances – the marginal emission abatement costs are very low compared to other countries. The multistage approach would leave China more room to grow in the short term. The Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 103 Tryptich approach requires relatively strict emission limits for the electricity sector – China is strongly dependant to coal, its emissions per kWh electricity are among the highest in the world – therefore relatively stringent reductions for China. (Höhne e al., 2007b). China takes a proactive attitude towards the global efforts for climate change control. However, it reiterates that as a developing country, it should focus on economic development and poverty alleviation and not have binding emission reduction commitments. Developed countries, who are responsible for all the emissions to date and still have much higher per capita emissions, should take the lead. Developing countries should be able to increase their emission to meet their development needs. China may only be convinced to take further action if the agreement is seen not to cap its economic growth or being economically beneficial for China. Some possible options are: increased participation in the CDM (could generate revenues), no-lose targets (allowances could be sold if targets are overachieved, but none would have to be bought if targets are not reached), or rate based targets (e.g. as a function of kWh or tonne of steel produced, which could take away the fear of capping economic growth). 3.2.2.3 USA As the largest emitter with very high emissions per capita and very high GDP per capita, USA would need to reduce its emissions substantially under all approaches. Convergence of emissions per capita (C&C and CDC) would be demanding because of the current high levels – among the highest in the world. The Tryptich approach would also be demanding because of these and the relatively low efficiency compared to other Annex I countries; the electricity sector is also very significant for the USA. As for most Annex I countries, the Multistage approach would lead to the most stringent reduction efforts to compensate that most developing countries participate late in time (Höhne et al., 2007b). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS ESC
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
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Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
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Index of figures xiv Index of figur
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1 Introduction
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Chapter 1. Introduction 7 In 1995,
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Chapter 1. Introduction 9 3 Climate
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Chapter 1. Introduction 11 The IPCC
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4 Case study: Spain
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 227 further
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 229 3.1 Emis
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 243 3.4 Sect
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 247 The next
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 249 conditio
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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