Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 44 - Top-down basis: An overall target can be given to a group of countries, with the group deciding internally how to share the target amongst the participants. It has already been applied to the EU in the Kyoto Protocol. Together with the national emission targets, flexibility provisions may also be set, as to ‘how’, ‘when’, ‘where’ and ‘what’ emissions are to be reduced. Some of the flexibility mechanisms provided by the Kyoto Protocol are International Emission Trading, Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism. In this section alternative target approaches to the already existing binding absolute targets are first going to be introduced (Section 2.1.1). These may be included as part of the proposals described afterwards. Then, some approaches that set national emission targets and therefore can be combined with international emission trading - such as the Multistage approach (Section 2.1.2.1), Contraction and Convergence (Section 2.1.2.2), the Tryptich approach (Section 2.1.2.4) or the Brazilian Proposal (Section 2.1.2.5) – are going to be described. After a brief overview of the approaches previously described (Section 2.1.3), these are going to be assessed based on the criteria presented in Section 1.2 (Section 2.1.4). Finally, some conclusions on approaches that include national emission targets and international emission trading are drawn (Section 2.1.5). 2.1.1 Alternative Target Approaches In the Kyoto Protocol industrialized countries have absolute emission reduction commitments. Developing countries have no targets, but may participate through emission reduction projects with the Clean Development Mechanism. In the following section the focus is on element 3: type of commitments (see Section 1.1). Alternative types of commitments are going to Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 45 be briefly described, together with possible country positions, its strengths and weaknesses (see Blok et al., 2005; Höhne et al. 2007; Gupta et al., 2007). 2.1.1.1 Absolute emission targets Absolute emissions in a target year are capped for all participating countries. If combined with emission trading, they have high economic efficiency; final marginal abatement costs are made equal in all participating countries. There is certainty about future emissions. Such a target can be reached in a very flexible manner across greenhouse gases, sectors and borders; each country determines its own national strategy to meet the target. Absolute emission targets have been criticized as being too rigid, not able to take into account unexpected economic development. Absolute emission targets are unlikely to be applied to developing countries, who are currently strictly against any type of emission targets; absolute targets are seen as limiting economic growth. The Group of 77 welcomed them for developed countries. USA rejected its Kyoto target as being too rigid and causing harm to the economy. Japan agreed to them under the Kyoto Protocol, but often calls for alternatives in the second commitment period. Most developed countries agree to them; they are EU’s preferred type of target. Absolute emission targets have high environmental effectiveness if their implementation is guaranteed. When combined with emission trading, emissions can be reduced where it is more cost effective. Equity concerns may be taken into account when deciding the countries that participate and the stringency of their reductions. The technical feasibility depends on the institutional circumstances of countries, generally a large amount of data is needed to assure compliance. Absolute emission targets have proven to be viable in the Kyoto Protocol and in the EU emission trading system. It is likely that they will be continued to be Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
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Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
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Index of figures xiv Index of figur
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4 Case study: Spain
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 227 further
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 229 3.1 Emis
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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