Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

Index ix
CHAPTER 2. OPTIONS FOR FUTURE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE
ARCHITECTURES........................................................................................................................... 36
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 37
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 37
1.2 Elements for a future international agreement on climate change ........... 39
1.3 Criteria for policy choice ................................................................................. 41
2 PROPOSALS FOR INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE AGREEMENTS .................. 42
2.1 National emission targets and international emission trading.................. 43
2.1.1 Alternative Target Approaches 44
2.1.1.1 Absolute emission targets..........................................................................................45
2.1.1.2 Dynamic targets ..........................................................................................................46
2.1.1.3 No-lose targets.............................................................................................................47
2.1.1.4 Dual targets..................................................................................................................48
2.1.1.5 Price cap .......................................................................................................................49
2.1.1.6 Sectoral targets ............................................................................................................50
2.1.2 Description of approaches to future commitments 52
2.1.2.1 Multistage approach...................................................................................................52
2.1.2.2 Contraction and Convergence (C&C).......................................................................56
2.1.2.3 Common but Differentiated Convergence (CDC) ..................................................60
2.1.2.4 Global Tryptich............................................................................................................63
2.1.2.5 Historical responsibility – The Brazilian Proposal..................................................66
2.1.3 Overview of the approaches 69
2.1.4 Qualitative Comparison 70
2.1.4.1 Environmental effectiveness......................................................................................71
2.1.4.2 Cost-effectiveness........................................................................................................72
2.1.4.3 Distributional considerations ....................................................................................73
2.1.4.4 Institutional feasibility................................................................................................76
2.1.5 Conclusions 78
2.2 Sectoral agreements ......................................................................................... 80
2.3 Coordinated policies and measures............................................................... 87
2.4 Technology oriented agreements (TOAs)..................................................... 88
2.5 Development oriented actions........................................................................ 89
3 EVALUATING INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE AGREEMENTS ........................ 91
3.1 Criterion-based assessment ............................................................................ 92
3.1.1 Environmental effectiveness 93
3.1.2 Cost-effectiveness 94
3.1.3 Distributional considerations 95