Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 194 Table 4 - 15 . Reduction in EU ETS (including outbound aviation) and–non EU ETS sectors to meet the 20% reduction in a cost-effective way. (ii) Sharing of effort among Member States in the sectors not covered by the EU ETS Sectors not covered by the EU ETS, which are made up of small scale emitters in a wide range of sectors such as transport (cars, trucks), buildings (in particular heating), services, small industrial installations, agriculture and waste, currently represent some 60% of total GHG emissions in the EU. If one wants to differentiate between Member States for fairness reasons then it makes sense to do so in the non-ETS sectors, sectors where climate change related measures have less impact on the internal market and on competitiveness across borders and where Member States have more freedom and competence to act. However, EU-wide measures (such as product standards for cars and appliances) would supplement Member States efforts to achieve such national targets. To give some insights in potential differentiated approaches, several examples where assessed (see EC 2008): • A cost-effective reduction at the level of the whole EU regarding non- ETS sectors; this would result in a proportionally higher increase (at least 50% higher than the EU average) in the overall cost compared to GDP for Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 195 the Member States with a GDP per capita below EU average than for other countries. • If emissions per capita in the sectors not covered in the EU ETS were to be equalized by 2020, then some EU-15 Member States are not expected to achieve these efforts. • An equal percentage reduction per Member State compared to 2005, which would require GHG emissions in the sectors not covered by the EU ETS to reduce around 12 % in each Member State. This would require much larger efforts for most Member States with a GDP per capita below EU average compared to the cost efficient case. • A scenario that would differentiate the reduction targets in the sectors not covered by the EU ETS depending on the relative GDP/Capita of the different Member States: decreasing the targets in the Non-ETS for countries with lower GDP per capita and increasing them for countries with higher GDP per capita increases overall costs in the EU. While cost increases would remain limited across the whole EU, cost reductions could be very substantial in those countries with a very low GDP per capita relative to the EU average. The Commission proposed to use GDP/capita as the main criteria when setting the targets for Member States. In this approach, countries with a low GDP per capita would be allowed to emit more than they did in 2005 in sectors not covered by the EU ETS, thereby reflecting projections that their relatively higher economic growth will be accompanied by increased emissions in for instance the transport sector, and to a lesser extent in heating of buildings. These targets do however still represent a cap on their emissions, and will require some sort of reduction effort for all Member States. The figures chosen are limited to a maximum of -20% or +20% compared to 2005 (see Figure 4 – 15). These limits ensure that specific national targets remain Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS ESC
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
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Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
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Index of figures xiv Index of figur
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Index of figures xvi Figure 4 - 10.
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Index of figures xviii unilateral w
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Index of tables xx Table 3 - 2. Pos
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1 Introduction
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Chapter 1. Introduction 3 responsib
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Chapter 1. Introduction 5 ideas. Fr
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Chapter 1. Introduction 7 In 1995,
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Chapter 1. Introduction 9 3 Climate
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Chapter 1. Introduction 11 The IPCC
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Chapter 1. Introduction 13 although
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Chapter 1. Introduction 15 4.2 The
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Chapter 1. Introduction 17 4.2.1 Fl
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Chapter 1. Introduction 19 use were
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Chapter 1. Introduction 21 4.2.1.3
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Chapter 1. Introduction 23 Some fir
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Chapter 1. Introduction 25 5.2 Dial
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Chapter 1. Introduction 27 and Sust
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Chapter 1. Introduction 31 COP13 de
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Chapter 1. Introduction 33 COP/MOP5
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Chapter 2. Options for future clima
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Page 249 and 250: Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 245 The Japa
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 247 The next
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 249 conditio
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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