Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 118 • Annex I but not Annex II countries (“Economies in Transition” (EITs)): Quantified (Kyoto-style) reduction targets; low or no funding obligations. • Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs): Quantified limitation or reduction targets (due to high level of responsibility and potential to mitigate), with some funding from Annex II countries; also obligatory Sustainable Development Policies and Measures (SD-PAMs); sectoral CDM; non-binding Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy Efficiency (EE) targets. • Rapidly Industrializing Developing Countries (RIDCs): Quantified limitation targets contingent on full funding from Annex II countries; obligatory SD-PAMs (co-funded by Annex II); sectoral CDM; nonbinding RE and EE targets. • Other Developing Countries: Obligatory SD-PAMs (co-funded by Annex II); sectoral CDM; non-binding RE and EE targets. • LDCs: Optional SD-PAMS, fully funded by Annex II; sectoral CDM; nonbinding RE and EE targets. Quantitative mitigation commitments for NICs and RICs are subject to the condition that all major Annex I countries (including the USA) take on quantified emission reduction commitments and fulfil their commitments to provide financial and technological resources. Formulas – e.g. by which funding obligations are to be calculated or to differentiate emission targets within classes of countries – are not specified at all; neither are institutions for Annex II countries funding obligations. In addition, there are lots of categories and lots of graduation events, many of which would be controversial within the graduating countries. The system is useful in indicative terms, but it would be difficult in practice. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 119 The South North Proposal preserves developmental equity under a stringent mitigation target; it also specifies that mitigation costs in poor countries must be paid by wealthy countries. Graduation thresholds could be lowered so the environmental goals be more stringent, but the right to development over time would be weakened. This tension – between the demands of our threatened climate and the development of the South – is a critical issue in global climate change negotiations. 4.3 Greenhouse Development Rights The Greenhouse Development Rights approach, developed by EcoEquity, is a proposal for a comprehensive climate regime in which national obligations to pay for mitigation and adaptation are explicitly tied to a quantitative indicator of responsibility and capacity. The mitigation side could, but need not be implemented as a global cap-and-trade regime. Its central principle is the right to development, rather than a right to emissions. A ‘development threshold’ is defined – set at 150% of a global poverty line, approximated by $16 a day, an indicative development threshold would be $9000 a year (PPP). The GDR burden-sharing framework is based on the same two principles that underlie the UNFCCC: capacity and responsibility. Individuals below this level within a country are not expected to share the burden of mitigating the climate problem. Based on the national per capita income and Gini coefficient (a measure of national income inequality), the income that the wealthier portion of population has in excess of the development threshold is calculated – representing this each country’s capacity (see Figure 2 – 1). Less than 1% of India’s population earns more than $9000, approximately 10% of China’s population, and roughly 90% of the US population. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS ESC
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
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1 Introduction
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 229 3.1 Emis
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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