Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 74 adopting measures to address climate change, preferably in a sustainable manner. Responsibility refers to the aspect that those countries that are responsible for the problem should make greater efforts (polluter pays). Capability means that those countries that have most resources should act (ability to pay). All theses principles are included in the Convention, the principle of need in the ultimate objective; the other two in Article 3.1 which refers to their “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capability”. As the only approach proposed by a developing country – among the ones considered here – the Brazilian Proposal specifically takes into account these principles. The whole approach is based on the responsibility principle (polluter pays), specially in historical responsibility of countries, countries receive a burden that corresponds to their cumulative historical emissions and contribution to global temperature rise. To some extent, capability and need are also supported, since only industrialized countries are given national abatement targets according to the original approach. The Multistage approach allows for sustainable economic development (need) as participants move stages only when a certain threshold, based on economic or emission development, is reached. The sustainable development stage ensures development as a first priority for newly entering countries. The principle of capability is covered to some extent, as countries are differentiated in stages. The emission per capita threshold for countries to move upward refers to the principle of responsibility. Targets assigned in each stage, differentiating reductions to all participating countries, also increase capability and responsibility principles. The Tryptich approach allows for economic growth (need) leaving space for industrial and electricity production to grow if they do so in an efficient way. The capability principle is not explicitly addressed. The responsibility principle is addressed as in the domestic sector; those countries that have higher emission levels must reduce emissions more. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 75 The Contraction and Convergence approach allows only developing countries for economic growth (need). Even most of these will see their economic growth restricted in a few years. The principle of capability is not explicitly addressed. The polluter pays or responsibility principle is taken into account as those countries that have higher emissions have to reduce them more. However, a newly industrialized country with high per capita emissions will have to reduce the same as an industrialized country with similar level of per capita emissions; it does not take into account historical responsibility. Since the international negotiation process is based on decisions agreed by consensus, the approach would have to be acceptable for as many countries as possible. An approach that is seen as being unfair or for which the incidence is unbalanced may have a difficult time making it through the political process. Possible country positions regarding each approach have been discussed before in the description of each approach (Section 2.1.2). To gradually phase into reduction objectives, as seen in the Multistage approach, may be acceptable to many countries. It also takes explicitly into account the concept of sustainable development, which is a key element for developing countries to agree on something. However, in order to reach stringent stabilization levels, these would have to participate quite early, as of 2020; this may not be acceptable for some of those developing countries. The USA, whose position is of particular importance due to its withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol, may strongly reject absolute emission reduction targets. The Tryptich approach combines convergence of standard of living (in the domestic sectors) with flexibility for growing emissions (in industry and electricity production). This would likely be acceptable to developing countries with low per capita emissions, which will be allowed increase in emissions; however, advanced developing countries would have to start reducing emissions relatively early. USA would need to make substantial reductions, as current emission levels of heavy industry, the power sector and domestic per capita emission are high; may not be willing to do so. It has already been Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
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Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
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Index of figures xiv Index of figur
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Index of figures xvi Figure 4 - 10.
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Index of tables xx Table 3 - 2. Pos
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1 Introduction
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Chapter 1. Introduction 3 responsib
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Chapter 1. Introduction 5 ideas. Fr
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Chapter 1. Introduction 7 In 1995,
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Chapter 1. Introduction 9 3 Climate
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Chapter 1. Introduction 11 The IPCC
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 227 further
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 229 3.1 Emis
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 237 change a
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 243 3.4 Sect
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 245 The Japa
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 247 The next
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 249 conditio
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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