Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 110 This might also be the reason why Russian’s current climate mitigation efforts basically do not exist. 3.2.4.5 China Since 1990, China’s GHG emissions have grown by about 80%, and may grow by another 65% to 80% till 2020. Currently, there are various policies in place, but these are not primarily driven by an interest in mitigating climate change but instead from a focus on energy security or resource saving among other aspects. China is the second largest source of the currently available CERs (25,34%) in the CDM (UNFCCC 2007). The energy intensity target (energy consumption per unit of GDP) aims at a reduction of 20% below the 2005 levels by 2010. The renewable energy promotion has a target of supplying 16% China’s primary energy demand by renewable energy sources in 2020, up from 7% today. For the electricity sector it translates in a 20% share. However, generation from renewables remains low, some reasons may be the high cost of renewables in China, grid access or the uncertainties that may deter investment brought by the current reforms taking place in China. 3.2.4.6 India The Industrial energy intensity of India has declined since 1995, but total carbon emissions have grown by 63% over the last decade (Chandler et al., 2002). A major GHG source is coal, as it accounts for over half of the total primary energy consumption. India currently generates the largest number of CERs in the world (34,69%) (UNFCCC 2007). Renewable Energy policy has a strong history in India, a sizeable renewable energy program has existed for 20 years. They are supported by the IREDA Renewable Energy Financing. The share of renewable energy based power generation currently accounts for 5% of installed capacity. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 111 3.2.4.7 Brazil Emissions in Brazil increased 40.7% between 1990 and 2004. Emissions from land use change and forestry make up a significant share. Brazil has high emission rates per GDP but a low emission rate per capita. They have a relatively low emission intensity, because of the large share of hydro power plants (Höhne et al. 2007b). Currently, Brazil generates 15.2% of all CERs issued (UNFCCC 2007b). Biofuels incentives in Brazil have a long tradition, such as the PROALCOOL program in the 1970s – which no longer officially exists-, or the existing National Biodiesel Production & Use Program (PNPB). Approximately 20% of the vehicle fleet in Brazil today are fuelled by ethanol and the ethanol content of regular gasoline is 25% (Puppim de Oliveira 2002). 3.2.4.8 Sector-wide transnational (industry) approaches Sectoral agreements have been introduced in Section 2.2. Industry initiatives to date are the most relevant sectoral approaches: • Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) Initially, it focused on data-gathering – “Getting the numbers right”. Currently the CSI is moving towards policy proposals, such as possible country or regional baselines negotiated with governments to form intensity-based commitments and a crediting system. • International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI) They cover more than 70% of global steel production, including companies from China, Russia and India. They proposed to replace cap and trade emission trading regimes in May 2007 with a sector specific framework. Among other things, it encourages the phase-out of obsolete technologies. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Page 1:
UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS ESC
Page 4 and 5:
Summary ii Summary The objective of
Page 6 and 7:
Summary iv The recent rise of secto
Page 8 and 9:
Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
Page 10 and 11:
Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
Page 12 and 13:
Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
Page 14 and 15:
Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
Page 16 and 17:
Index of figures xiv Index of figur
Page 18 and 19:
Index of figures xvi Figure 4 - 10.
Page 20 and 21:
Index of figures xviii unilateral w
Page 22 and 23:
Index of tables xx Table 3 - 2. Pos
Page 25 and 26:
1 Introduction
Page 27 and 28:
Chapter 1. Introduction 3 responsib
Page 29 and 30:
Chapter 1. Introduction 5 ideas. Fr
Page 31 and 32:
Chapter 1. Introduction 7 In 1995,
Page 33 and 34:
Chapter 1. Introduction 9 3 Climate
Page 35 and 36:
Chapter 1. Introduction 11 The IPCC
Page 37 and 38:
Chapter 1. Introduction 13 although
Page 39 and 40:
Chapter 1. Introduction 15 4.2 The
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 1. Introduction 17 4.2.1 Fl
Page 43 and 44:
Chapter 1. Introduction 19 use were
Page 45 and 46:
Chapter 1. Introduction 21 4.2.1.3
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter 1. Introduction 23 Some fir
Page 49 and 50:
Chapter 1. Introduction 25 5.2 Dial
Page 51 and 52:
Chapter 1. Introduction 27 and Sust
Page 53 and 54:
Chapter 1. Introduction 29 These me
Page 55 and 56:
Chapter 1. Introduction 31 COP13 de
Page 57 and 58:
Chapter 1. Introduction 33 COP/MOP5
Page 59 and 60:
Chapter 1. Introduction 35 asking f
Page 61 and 62:
Chapter 2. Options for future clima
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 2. Options for future clima
Page 133: Chapter 2. Options for future clima
Page 153 and 154: Chapter 3. Implications of future c
Page 185 and 186:
Chapter 3. Implications of future c
Page 187 and 188:
4 Case study: Spain
Page 189 and 190:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 165 re
Page 191 and 192:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 167 Sp
Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 169 Fi
Page 195 and 196:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 171 in
Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 173 Ta
Page 199 and 200:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 175 Fu
Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 177 So
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 181 Fi
Page 207 and 208:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 183 2.
Page 209 and 210:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 185 Ag
Page 211 and 212:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 187 In
Page 213 and 214:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 189 Si
Page 215 and 216:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 191 ne
Page 217 and 218:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 193 av
Page 219 and 220:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 195 th
Page 221 and 222:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 197 Im
Page 223 and 224:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 199 Th
Page 225 and 226:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 201 Th
Page 227 and 228:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 203 1,
Page 229 and 230:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 205 Ne
Page 231 and 232:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 207 So
Page 233 and 234:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 209 19
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 213 %
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 215 Mo
Page 241 and 242:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 217 ab
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 219 ba
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 223 30
Page 249 and 250:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
Page 251 and 252:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 227 further
Page 253 and 254:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 229 3.1 Emis
Page 255 and 256:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 231 China’
Page 257 and 258:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 233 attracti
Page 259 and 260:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 235 It is cl
Page 261 and 262:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 237 change a
Page 263 and 264:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 239 3.3 Inte
Page 265 and 266:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 241 Technolo
Page 267 and 268:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 243 3.4 Sect
Page 269 and 270:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 245 The Japa
Page 271 and 272:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 247 The next
Page 273 and 274:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 249 conditio
Page 275 and 276:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
Page 277 and 278:
References 253 References Abanades,
Page 279 and 280:
References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
Page 281:
References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
show all

Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?