Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 96
International agreements are usually adopted by consensus, therefore only a
limited number of separate decisions by international bodies are required.
Global agreements also require that all data and tools necessary for enforcement
be available and verifiable.
A sectoral approach would require multiple decisions. Choosing the sectors
or technologies for agreement may be difficult, unless participation were
voluntary. It would also have to be chosen how to regulate or support the
sectors. To assess whether a country has fulfilled its obligations would be
difficult.
Determining the effectiveness of both sectoral or technology agreements
would be a complex task.
New international institutions would need to be established to manage
coordinated policies and measures. Most sectors do not have institutional
arrangements (an exception is the Aluminium Institute, which has set emission
reduction targets among its member companies); while there are institutions to
promote development, few have integrated climate change into their portfolios.
Even if the Kyoto Protocol remains as the core institutional system, a
network of institutions to tackle climate change may be necessary and increase
effectiveness.
3.2 Regional-based assessment
As agreements under the UNFCCC are reached by consensus, an important
element to take into account while discussing different proposals for climate
change agreements is countries’ positions.
Interests of countries (Section 3.2.1) and their expectations for a future
international climate regime are first elaborated.
Possible incentives for participation of countries, based on their interests, are
discussed in Section 3.2.2.
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008