Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 184 flexibility mechanisms. Regarding the CDM, there are already many bilateral agreements in place with Latin American countries; the Ibero-American Climate Change Bureau Network (RIOCCC) and carbon funds have been created. The key element for compliance with the commitments resulting from ratification of the Kyoto Protocol is the Spanish Strategy on Climate Change and Clean Energy, Horizon 2007-2012-2020, which covers policies and measures which contribute to sustainable development in two levels: both climate change and clean energy. In Spain, economic growth has been accompanied by higher growth in energy consumption. It is therefore a Government priority to develop legal instruments and mechanisms to achieve increased energy efficiency, reversing the current trend. In July 2007, the Council of Ministers approved the 2008-2012 Action Plan for the Spanish Energy Savings and Efficiency Strategy 2004-2012 (E4). In recent years, certain renewable energy applications have really taken off in Spain. The Renewable Energies Plan for 2005-2010 entails a contribution from renewable sources of 12% of primary energy consumption in 2010, electrical production from these sources of 29.4% of gross electricity consumption and consumption of biofuels of 5.75% of the consumption of petrol and diesel estimated for transport. Table 4 – 14 presents a short description of main climate change policies and measures for each of the sectors previously identified in Section 2.3. Table 4 - 14 . Policies affecting sectoral greenhouse gas emissions in Spain Electricity EU ETS. Feed-in tariff system for renewable electricity. Substantial increase in RE production capacity. Industry EU ETS. Voluntary agreements. Transport Support and development of biofuels. Households Energy efficiency plans for buildings. Energy saving appliances. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 185 Agriculture Soil and livestock management programmes in place. Support for biomass. Waste Waste reduction programme. Push for improving recycling rates, especially glass 2.6 Summary and paper. Spain has the typical GHG emission’s profile of an industrialized country: with dominating emissions from energy transformation processes (30% of total GHG emissions in 2005), industry (24%) and transport (24%) with regards to sectors; and CO2 emissions (83% of total GHG emissions in 2006) with regards to gases. Emissions in Spain show a significant growth trend since 1990, with slight punctual decreases for some years – 1993, 1996 and 2006 (the high level of hydrology energy use in this years may be a significant driver of these results). This has led to total emissions in CO2 equivalent of 440.7 Mt in 2005, compared to 289.6 Mt in 1990 (an increase of 52%). Rapid economic growth – since 1995 the Spanish GDP growth remains above the EU-15 average – has been accompanied by similar growth in energy consumption – the average annual growth in demand for primary energy between 1990 and 2005 was 3.1%, compared to the 1.1% value in the EU-15 – and therefore emissions. Other key factors driving emissions in Spain are the population increase – due to the recent ant intense immigration phenomenon – and the rising mobility – the Spanish car fleet has increased fourfold between 1975 and 2005, being now one of the oldest in Europe. Emissions per capita (10.2 tCO2eq./cap in 2005) are still below the Annex I average, but have already reached the EU-27 average. Most of the increase in primary energy supply has come through gas, but also oil. Spain has very high dependence on energy imports, regardless of which few achievements in efficiency have taken place. Until 2005, growth in consumption was significantly higher than the European average and also that of primary Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
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Chapter 1. Introduction 11 The IPCC
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 243 3.4 Sect
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 245 The Japa
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 249 conditio
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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