Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 54 e.g. converging per capita emissions or based purely on proposals by countries and negotiations. As time goes on, more and more countries would enter stage 4. All countries agree to have commitments at a certain stage and agree on certain thresholds, e.g. emissions per capita or GDP per capita, when they would move to a next stage. The first one would be an incentive for countries to keep emissions low in order not to move to the next stage. Implications In order to reach stringent long term goals (such as maximum temperature increase of 2ºC), additional countries, newly industrialized countries, need to participate relatively early, best soon after 2012, and major regions, East and South Asia, before the middle of the century. These countries would start at significantly lower per capita emissions and GDP levels than industrialized countries. Outcomes critically depend on the time when large countries such as China and India enter the system. Possible positions Table 2 - 1. Possible country positions. Multistage approach. Least developed countries + Would not receive targets, but could benefit through CDM India + Is likely to participate relatively late with quantitative commitments (has very low per capita emissions) China + In general, China would only accept commitments when industrialized countries take the lead in combating climate change (which they would in a multistage approach). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 55 Advanced developing countries China’s participation would be required by the middle of the century so the environmental goals are reached. - They would graduate very quickly into stages 2 or 3. Group of 77 0 A multistage approach would imply Russia 0 Unknown. differentiation between countries and therefore a subdivision of the G77; this may not be in the interest of the G77, as a group they have greater political power. USA - In general, not in favour of neither emission limitation targets or developed countries taking the lead, they also want developing countries to take in emission reduction commitments. In recent negotiations it seems the USA is softening their position. Japan 0 Currently not in favour of emission limitation Other umbrella group countries (E.g. Australia, New Zealand, Norway and Switzerland) targets; main supporter of sectoral agreements. 0 Unknown. Norway and Switzerland may be supporters. Australia finally ratified the Kyoto Protocol in the 13 th Conference of the Parties in Bali, so may also be a supporter (before, they were in a similar situation like the USA). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS ESC
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
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Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
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Index of figures xiv Index of figur
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1 Introduction
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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