Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 50 binding emission target, if they are worried about uncertainty of economic development or of abatement costs. Targets with a price cap can be environmentally efficient if set at a high level. Emission trading would be possible at prices bellow the price cap, therefore improving economic efficiency; at higher prices the cap would work as a tax, which would have negative impacts on environmental efficiency. Equity would depend on the level of the price cap. Also, reliable data on marginal abatement costs would be necessary before fixing it. The revenue from selling additional emission rights can be used to finance emission reduction projects, R&D activities, or adaptation. 2.1.1.6 Sectoral targets Targets are set for selected sectors that are particularly suited for this approach, such as industrial or electricity production. Sectoral targets can be defined either globally or only for newly joining countries. They can be binding or no-lose targets, absolute or dynamic described as function of unit of output (e.g. CO2/t steel) (Philibert and Pershing, 2001; Samaniego and Figueres, 2002; Höhne et al., 2006; Schmidt et al., 2006). In developing countries only part of the economy might provide the infrastructure or data availability to take in national reduction targets. However, single sectors may be able to do so. Only the relevant sectors would take part of international emission trading. Efficiencies (e.g. CO2/t steel) vary greatly between countries. Annex I country productions are not necessarily scoring better compared to Non-Annex I countries. If sectoral targets are defined as no lose or dynamic, they could be an incentive for some developing countries to participate, to take on a target. Least developed countries would most likely be exempt; other developing countries such as China or India would not assume them but would not disagree if others take on one. Russia is currently less efficient than most Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 51 countries, so they might not support them. Other developed countries would support sectoral targets but for USA for example, only if applied globally, including China and India. Japan is currently very efficient and has recently voiced its support to this type of approach. EU would support sectoral targets for some newly joining countries. Sectoral targets take into account particular reduction options of different sectors, focusing on the most important ones. If dynamic, they would provide flexibility and allow for growth in production and economic development. They may also be an incentive for participation of some countries, through participation of their sectors. Applied on the global level, sectoral targets may address competitiveness concerns within a global sector. They can be built into the Kyoto system. Sectoral targets would require detailed sectoral information, which is currently only available for some countries and some sectors. Targets would have to be carefully set. Environmental effectiveness would not be guaranteed, it would depend on production growth if dynamic targets were set, and we also have to take into account that not all emissions are covered. They can be environmentally effective if applied to as many sectors as possible. Sectoral targets are very often mentioned in the international negotiations, but different groups may be interpreting them differently. It is sometimes unclear whether global agreements for a sector or emission targets for only one sector within a country are meant. Targets for only one sector within a country may be a good stepping off point for newly participating countries to start learning how to do things. Global agreements for a sector (further discussed in Section 2.2) seem to be more effective if applied in a supplementary way with national emission commitments; even though sectoral targets take into account particular national circumstances, they seem too complex to implement - too many decisions and great needs of data availability. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
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Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
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Index of figures xiv Index of figur
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4 Case study: Spain
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 227 further
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 229 3.1 Emis
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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