Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 176
For the industry sector, indicators for a number of important sub-sectors are
shown in Figure 4 – 6. The carbon intensity of production is calculated by
dividing total emissions from production by the output 1.
An aggregated energy efficiency index for industry is also shown below, and
a ‘performance meter’, comparing Spain’s performance to that of other
countries. This index is 1 if a country uses best available technology; for Spain,
the index is 1.3, which indicates that it uses 30% more energy than necessary
under best practice. Spain’s industry performance, regarding energy efficiency,
is well below the world average.
Figure 4 - 6. Indicators for Industry emissions (left); and ‘performance meter’ for the energy efficiency
index (right) for Spain in 2004 (Source: Höhne et al., 2007).
2.3.3 Transport
Transport contributes significantly to GHG emissions in all Annex I Parties,
including Spain (table 4 – 8, column 1). Emissions from transport per capita are
influenced by carbon intensity of vehicles, travel volume or fuel efficiency;
Spain’s value for this indicator (table 4 – 8, column 2) is above the Annex I
average.
Freight transport activity per capita is influenced by the industrial activity of
a country, being in Spain relatively high (table 4 – 8, column 4). The modal split
(table 4 – 8, columns 5 to 7) depends on consumer preferences, historical and
current development of transport infrastructure, and prices of the modes of
transport; in Spain road transport prevails over other forms of transport, which
is much more inefficient than for example rail transport – which has even
decreased in absolute terms since 1990.
1 This values are not available in a consistent format. Data reported under the UNFCCC are not
detailed enough to allow a thorough calculation of the carbon intensity of industry. Some indicative values
compiled by Höhne et. al (2007) are used here.
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008