Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 5. Conclusions 226 is clear that a second step is required. The potential shape and structure of an international agreement – its architecture – needs to be agreed on. The new climate change agreement must be first of all, effective – in the sense that it measures up to what science has declared needs to happen. Secondly, it has to be equitable in the sense that every country does its fair share, based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities. Thirdly, the Copenhagen agreement has to make economic sense – climate change is an environmental issue, but it clearly calls for an economic answer. The course of our carbon emitting economies has to be steered into a low emissions direction; it is about rewarding change and innovation. This study has intended to present the most prominent actual proposals regarding the future climate change regime in chapter 2, and its implications for countries – who are the real negotiators – in chapter 3. In addition, a case study of Spain has been carried out in chapter 4: both detailed data on the current situation regarding climate change and its implications under different EU internal burden sharing approaches were presented. In this chapter, the most relevant themes regarding the future climate change architecture are discussed and some key expected elements of the future climate change regime outlined. 2 Bali: Conclusions and the way forward One of the main factors to bring about the success of the 2007 Bali Conference was a change of strategy by developing countries. Under the traditional strategy, developing countries had insisted that Annex-I countries should take the lead. In Bali, they showed an unprecedented willingness to take up an active role in the fight against climate change, willing to do more, to contribute with their fair share. China, South Africa and Brazil all played leading roles; the Indian position evolved from a full-on opposition to negotiations for developing country mitigation, to one of acceptance at the end. The main excuse presented by some industrialized countries for not taking Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 5. Conclusions 227 further commitments was thus annihilated – the lack of such commitments was one of two cited reasons for President Bush’s rejection of the Kyoto Protocol. Nevertheless, any commitments on developing countries’ part will have to be matched by support – both financial and technological – from developed countries. It will be important to develop mechanisms for financing mitigation in developing countries and for technology cooperation: simplification of the financial mechanisms’ operation, the establishment of new mechanisms of technology transfer, and scaling up of funding. In the area of adaptation, the Kyoto Protocol’s Adaptation Fund was finally made operational so that it can begin distributing funds generated from the levy of the Clean Development Mechanism. Technology transfer and cooperation is a top priority of developing countries and has now received much greater focus than in the past. Public and private sector funding was also considered – from carbon markets to investment banks. These three areas of negotiation were crucial in order to build the trust of developing countries to launch their mitigation negotiations. Social justice and equity were equally emphasized in the negotiations. A separate, but linked, negotiation on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries was also launched. An effort has to be made to ensure that aviation is not forgotten, as it is not explicitly noted in the Bali text. The challenges on the road to Copenhagen are enormous: negotiating deepened commitments for those countries that are already bound under the Kyoto Protocol, new commitments for developing countries (including methods for differentiation), integrating the US with new commitments, adaptation, deforestation, financial mechanisms, technology cooperation, transfer mechanisms for mitigation and adaptation, improving the already existing market mechanisms (such as the CDM). All these processes have to be combined into one gigantic package deal. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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1 Introduction
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4 Case study: Spain
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Page 279 and 280: References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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