Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 104 American policy on climate change is less consistent and is greatly influenced by the flavour of the ruling administration. While the Bush administration insists that binding emission limits for the USA are not possible, all potential successor candidates - new elections in the USA are only September 2008 - voiced their preference for national programmes in the USA that cap emissions. There remains an interesting option in engaging the US through the involvement of individual states (such as the Regional Clean Air Act Incentives Market operating in Southern California and the US Clean Air Act). Individual states have already been pressing the Bush administration to regulate emissions of greenhouse gases. A bottom-up approach could serve as the catalyst to ensure federal acceptance of a more active role in greenhouse mitigation efforts. 3.2.3 Regional comparison This section compares and clarifies differences revealed in proposals from different regions on future international climate change agreement. It is based on the study carried out by Kameyema (2004). Tendencies evident in proposals from each region are reviewed from three perspectives: (1) component of commitment, (2) timeframe and coverage, and (3) architecture. In Europe, most studies were on rules for emission allocation and criteria to evaluate them. Many of the proposals were basically supportive of the current international emissions trading scheme (element 1); suggestions for alternative approaches were the minority. A long-term goal (element 2) – such as the ultimate objective in Article 2 of the UNFCCC - was considered as important; it was regarded as justification for setting a short-term commitment. Proposals on burden-sharing rules generally assumed similar architectures to the Kyoto Protocol (element 3), where national emission targets are set, together with flexible mechanisms to reach them. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 105 In the United States, alternative kinds of approaches (element 1) were mainly proposed. Actions were proposed instead of quantitative emission targets that would be less acceptable to the national government, commitments on policies and measures were preferable. They intended to give more impetus to technology innovation and diffusion. Long-term goals (element 2) were discussed, mainly from the perspectives of technological development, cost implications and action under uncertainty. Many proposals were intended to offer alternatives to the Kyoto Protocol (element 3); these were expected to be more realistic but not to ensure environmental effectiveness. In the non-Annex I country group, may articles showed concern for equity. The Brazilian Proposal emphasized responsibility for historical cumulative emissions, India and China emphasized per capita concerns as measures for allocating emission reduction targets (element 1). A contentious issue was developing countries’ participation in emissions mitigation schemes (element 2). The Kyoto Protocol is generally recognized as a first step in climate policy and seemed to assume that it would continue (element 3). Sustainable development is also a crucial issue in developing countries. Large differences in tendency between regions can be observed. There are several reasons. The main reason is that primary concerns and interests in each region are different (see Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 for further discussion on countries’ interests). Another reason could be related to how the “international relation” is observed: e.g. proposals from the EU may assume that international laws are well respected, and that global issues should be dealt at multilateral level; US proposals may see the world under anarchy where countries seek for self-interest. Proposals for a future climate regime reflect not only consequences related to climate policy but also views concerning current international relations in general. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS ESC
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Summary ii Summary The objective of
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Summary iv The recent rise of secto
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Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
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Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
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Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
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Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
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Index of figures xiv Index of figur
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1 Introduction
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Chapter 1. Introduction 7 In 1995,
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Chapter 1. Introduction 11 The IPCC
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 227 further
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 229 3.1 Emis
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 243 3.4 Sect
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 247 The next
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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