Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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Chapter 1. Introduction 12 independent of the location of emissions. Because of this, a multinational response is required. The challenge lies in designing an international policy architecture that can guide such efforts. The current climate policy architecture has evolved since 1992 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. 4.1 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) In 1990, the United Nations General Assembly, based in part on the IPCC’s first assessment report, initiated negotiations for a multilateral framework to address the risks posed by global climate change. The result was the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), signed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. With 190 countries as parties to the UNFCCC, the treaty entered into force in 1994. Countries ratifying the treaty – called “Parties to the Convention” – agree to take climate change into account in such matters as agriculture, industry, energy, natural resources, and activities involving sea coasts. They agree to develop national programmes to slow climate change. The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the prime authority of the Convention. It is an association of all member countries and usually meets annually for a period of two weeks. The Conference of the Parties evaluates the status of climate change (it considers new scientific findings) and the effectiveness of the treaty (it examines the activity of member countries, by reviewing national communications and emissions inventories). Some partner agencies to the UNFCCC include the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The GEF has existed since 1991 to fund projects in developing countries; the job of channelling grants and loans to poor countries to help them address climate change has been delegated to the GEF. The IPCC provides services to the Convention, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 1. Introduction 13 although it is not part of it, through publishing comprehensive reviews every five years of the status of climate change and climate-change science. The UNFCCC created a global policy architecture with four key elements: a general long-term environmental goal; a near-term environmental goal with specific quantitative targets; concerns about equity; and preference for cost- effective implementation. The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is the “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” (Article 2). It was not defined or quantified what was meant by dangerous. Some suggested quantifying this objective with a long-term greenhouse gas concentration stabilization goal (e.g., 550ppm – about double pre-industrial CO2 concentrations) or a temperature increase stabilization goal (e.g., 2ºC above current levels). However, nothing has been agreed. Also, it was not specified a time period for action. The UNFCCC states that “such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened, and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner” (Article 2). The UNFCCC also set a near-term environmental goal with specific quantitative targets. Industrialized nations, consisting of most members of the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and twelve economies in transition (countries in Central and Eastern Europe, including some states formerly belonging to the Soviet Union) were expected by the year 2000 to reduce emissions to 1990 levels. As a group, forming the so-called “Annex 1” countries - they are listed in the first annex to the treaty - they succeeded. This compliance was not impressive, as most of them met their goal through substantial economic decline and transformation (e.g., Russia and Germany) or non-climate-related energy sector reforms (e.g., the United Kingdom). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
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4 Case study: Spain
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Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
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References 253 References Abanades,
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References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
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References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
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Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

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