Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 100 2) Further commitments for industrialized countries and developing countries vs. only for industrialized countries Even if the UNFCCC states the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities”, there are still two major positions. This conflicting issue is essentially between the USA (and to a lesser extent the EU) and advanced developing countries. On the one hand, developing countries think industrialized countries have not yet “taken the lead” and they will not commit to act until progress has been proven. Industrialized countries should commit to further reductions because they started emitting GHG many decades before and therefore carry most historic responsibility. On the other hand, some industrialized countries point to the fact that some developing countries considerably contribute to GHG emissions and that even if drastic mitigation actions were carried out by industrialized countries, these alone can not ensure stabilization of GHG concentrations. In addition, if only some countries have limits on GHG, these would provide the countries with no limit a competitive advantage and distort the market. 3) Mitigation vs. adaptation Some countries are more vulnerable than others to the impacts of climate change, e.g. countries low lying coastal lanes. Many of these are developing countries that do not have financial resources to cope with the effects; they therefore need considerable financial assistance. They call for early adaptation measures as part of their sustainable development. Another group of countries argue that mitigation measures are the best means to adapt to climate change. For them, attention on adaptation should not distract from the need to reduce emissions. Even if adaptation is agreed to be a crucial part of a future agreement, it has been far less explored to date than mitigation. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Chapter 2. Options for future climate change architectures 101 4) Building upon Kyoto Protocol vs. negotiating a new Protocol Some countries, lead by the EU, clearly stated that a second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol is the way forward. Building upon the existing elements and the institutional structure would avoid time-consuming future negotiations on a completely new institutional setup. Some other countries, mainly lead by the USA, see the Kyoto Protocol as having too many weaknesses to be a good basis for the future climate regime. Setting another mechanism is favoured by these countries. 3.2.2 Incentives for participation of key countries For any climate change agreement to be environmentally effective, major emitting countries have to participate. Incentives for such participation are a key element of the future climate regime. 3.2.2.1 India India has voiced very clear and strong positions: economic growth and meeting the needs of large parts of the Indian population are priority issues. India has stated that emissions will grow as the country seeks to expand its economic growth. No further commitments are accepted until developed countries have demonstrated to take the lead. At COP13 in Bali 2007, India voiced extreme positions – e.g. that no further negotiation process on non- Annex I participation is necessary – although finally endorsing the agreement reached. Under staged approaches (multistage and CDC) – emissions and GDP per capita are well below non-Annex I average – India would not have to participate early. Under C&C would not have to reduce emissions significantly below the reference scenario. The Tryptich approach would require relatively strict emission limits for the electricity sector – India is strongly dependant on coal -, and therefore stringent reductions below reference (Höhne et al., 2007b). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008
Page 1:
UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS ESC
Page 4 and 5:
Summary ii Summary The objective of
Page 6 and 7:
Summary iv The recent rise of secto
Page 8 and 9:
Resumen vi compromisos para los pa
Page 10 and 11:
Index viii Index CHAPTER 1. INTRODU
Page 12 and 13:
Index x 3.1.4 Institutional feasibi
Page 14 and 15:
Index xii 2.3.9 Overview of sectora
Page 16 and 17:
Index of figures xiv Index of figur
Page 18 and 19:
Index of figures xvi Figure 4 - 10.
Page 20 and 21:
Index of figures xviii unilateral w
Page 22 and 23:
Index of tables xx Table 3 - 2. Pos
Page 25 and 26:
1 Introduction
Page 27 and 28:
Chapter 1. Introduction 3 responsib
Page 29 and 30:
Chapter 1. Introduction 5 ideas. Fr
Page 31 and 32:
Chapter 1. Introduction 7 In 1995,
Page 33 and 34:
Chapter 1. Introduction 9 3 Climate
Page 35 and 36:
Chapter 1. Introduction 11 The IPCC
Page 37 and 38:
Chapter 1. Introduction 13 although
Page 39 and 40:
Chapter 1. Introduction 15 4.2 The
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 1. Introduction 17 4.2.1 Fl
Page 43 and 44:
Chapter 1. Introduction 19 use were
Page 45 and 46:
Chapter 1. Introduction 21 4.2.1.3
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter 1. Introduction 23 Some fir
Page 49 and 50:
Chapter 1. Introduction 25 5.2 Dial
Page 51 and 52:
Chapter 1. Introduction 27 and Sust
Page 53 and 54:
Chapter 1. Introduction 29 These me
Page 55 and 56:
Chapter 1. Introduction 31 COP13 de
Page 57 and 58:
Chapter 1. Introduction 33 COP/MOP5
Page 59 and 60:
Chapter 1. Introduction 35 asking f
Page 61 and 62:
Chapter 2. Options for future clima
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 2. Options for future clima
Page 123: Chapter 2. Options for future clima
Page 153 and 154: Chapter 3. Implications of future c
Page 175 and 176:
Chapter 3. Implications of future c
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
4 Case study: Spain
Page 189 and 190:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 165 re
Page 191 and 192:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 167 Sp
Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 169 Fi
Page 195 and 196:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 171 in
Page 197 and 198:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 173 Ta
Page 199 and 200:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 175 Fu
Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 177 So
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 181 Fi
Page 207 and 208:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 183 2.
Page 209 and 210:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 185 Ag
Page 211 and 212:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 187 In
Page 213 and 214:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 189 Si
Page 215 and 216:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 191 ne
Page 217 and 218:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 193 av
Page 219 and 220:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 195 th
Page 221 and 222:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 197 Im
Page 223 and 224:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 199 Th
Page 225 and 226:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 201 Th
Page 227 and 228:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 203 1,
Page 229 and 230:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 205 Ne
Page 231 and 232:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 207 So
Page 233 and 234:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 209 19
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 213 %
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 215 Mo
Page 241 and 242:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 217 ab
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 219 ba
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Chapter 4. Case Study: Spain 223 30
Page 249 and 250:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 225 1 Introd
Page 251 and 252:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 227 further
Page 253 and 254:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 229 3.1 Emis
Page 255 and 256:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 231 China’
Page 257 and 258:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 233 attracti
Page 259 and 260:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 235 It is cl
Page 261 and 262:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 237 change a
Page 263 and 264:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 239 3.3 Inte
Page 265 and 266:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 241 Technolo
Page 267 and 268:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 243 3.4 Sect
Page 269 and 270:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 245 The Japa
Page 271 and 272:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 247 The next
Page 273 and 274:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 249 conditio
Page 275 and 276:
Chapter 5. Conclusions 251 Adaptati
Page 277 and 278:
References 253 References Abanades,
Page 279 and 280:
References 255 IPCC, 2007. Climate
Page 281:
References 257 Persson, T.A., C. Az
show all

Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?