Carmen Bunzl - Universidad Pontificia Comillas

Chapter 1. Introduction 33
COP/MOP5 in Copenhagen ). It has identified the main issues to be considered
in the design of the post-2012 climate policy architecture.
One of the most controversial issues was about the nature of the process
moving forward. The Bali Action Plan established a two separate track process
(Convention and Kyoto Protocol); negotiating tracks to be pursued under the
newly launched Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action and
the existing Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I
Parties, respectively.
In Bali, sectoral approaches received a significant focus of attention. The Bali
Action Plan made explicit reference to “cooperative sectoral approaches and
sector-specific actions”. There was broad consensus that there was an
opportunity for sectoral approaches to take part of the global framework to be
agreed in 2009.
The key components of this agreement, or “building blocks”, are: mitigation,
adaptation, technology and financing.
Text on mitigation by developed and developing countries was particularly
contentious. Many nations agree that the industrialized world has to take the
lead in cutting emissions, which has gotten rich by burning fossil fuels for
decades. But others such as the US, followed by Japan, Canada and Russia,
want developing countries to reduce pollution as well. Parties finally agreed to
a proposal by India and other developing countries to text referring to
“nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country Parties in the
context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology,
financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable
manner.”
There was also debate in what concerned references to the IPCC Fourth
Assessment Report. Some argued that their mention of the need for a reduction
of 25-40% greenhouse gases emissions may be seen as if they had agreed to that
target.
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI Carmen Bunzl Boulet Junio 2008