PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS Summary - Some exceptions SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES BUTTERFLIES ADULT Flight Day flying Colour Bright Antennae Clubbed Wings Vertical when at rest LARVA Legs 3 pairs legs on the thorax and up to 5 pairs prolegs on the abdomen PLANT DAMAGE (caterpillars) DIRECT FEEDING DAMAGE. LEAVES FLOWERS BUDS FRUIT Leaves eaten, eg citrus butterflies Chewing damage, eg grass blue butterfly ‘Worm’ damage, eg pea butterfly SEEDLINGS Chewing damage, eg SHOOTS cabbage white butterfly INDIRECT DAMAGE. Frass, eg cabbage white butterfly MOTHS ADULT Flight Nightflying; moths are attracted to lights at night; a few dayflying moths are brightly coloured, eg grapevine moth Colour Often drab coloured Antennae Not clubbed Wings LARVA Legs Fig. 50. Whitestemmed gum moth caterpillar (Chelepteryx collesi). PhotoNSW Dept of Industry and Investment. Wings flat when at rest As for butterflies DIRECT FEEDING DAMAGE. LEAVES FLOWERS BUDS FRUIT Leaves eaten, eg cup moth Leafmining, eg oak blotch miner Skeletonization, eg gumleaf skeletonizer Chewing damage eg corn earworm ‘Worm’ damage, eg codling moth Surface chewing, eg lightbrown apple moth STEMS Borers, eg fruit-tree BARK moth borer SEEDLINGS Chewing damage, eg SHOOTS cutworms INDIRECT DAMAGE. Frass, eg all caterpillars Formation of structures, eg case moths Introduction of decay organisms, eg oriental fruit moth Fig. 51. Painted apple moth caterpillar (Teia anartoides). PhotoNSW Dept of Industry and Investment. Fig. 52. Cup moth caterpillar (Doratifera spp.) PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). 82 Insects and allied pests - Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Fig. 53. Cutworm damage (Family Noctuidae). Left: Stem of seedling chewed off just above ground level during the night. They also chew holes in leaves, buds and fruit near the ground. Right: Cutworm (caterpillar) is smooth-bodied, 30-40 mm long at maturity and may be olivegreen to brown or almost black. When disturbed they quickly curl up. Cutworms hide in soil near damaged plants during the day. Fig. 54. Leafminer (moth) damage to bottlebrush (Callistemon spp.) leaves. Note meandering mines made by the larva feeding between the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Leafmining insects tend to be host specific and may attack both exotic and native plants. PhotoCIT, Canberra (P.W.Unger). Fig. 55. Lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana). PhotoNSW Dept of Industry and Investment (E.H.Zeck). Enlarged x 4 1. Group of eggs laid on leaf 2. Caterpillar, slender, green; when disturbed it wriggles and drops down on a silken thread. It feeds on buds, flowers and leaves in protected places by webbing or rolling leaves or flowering parts together 3. Pupa 4. Adult moth, adults are bellshaped and vary in color. Females are pale about 20 mm long, males are smaller and show variable colour patterns Actual size 5. Eggs on leaf 6. Caterpillar on citrus leaf 7. Empty pupal shell from which moths have emerged 8. Adult moth resting on leaf 9. Apple showing injury by caterpillar feeding on the surface 10. Caterpillar damage to citrus leaf Insects and allied pests - Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) 83
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds