PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Orders of Insects Fig. 39. Insect orders of interest to horticulture. CLASS INSECTA - Insects 1. Three body segments. 2. Three pairs of legs on thorax. 3. Antennae present (1 pair). 4. Wings present or absent. WINGLESS (primitively wingless) WINGED ADULTS (some secondarily wingless) NO METAMORPHOSIS WINGS DEVELOP INTERNALLY COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS (larvae dissimilar to adults) WINGS DEVELOP EXTERNALLY INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS (nymphs similar to adults) ORDERS THYSANURA (silverfish, not really a horticultural pest) ORDERS DIPTERA (flies, gnats, midges, mosquitoes) LEPIDOPTERA (butterflies, moths) COLEOPTERA (beetles, weevils) HYMENOPTERA (ants, bees, sawflies, wasps) NEUROPTERA (lacewings) ORDERS THYSANOPTERA (thrips) HEMIPTERA (bugs) (bugs; hoppers; lerps, mealybugs, scales, whitefly) ISOPTERA ORTHOPTERA (crickets, grasshoppers, katydids, locusts) DERMAPTERA (earwigs) BLATTODEA (cockroaches) PHASMATODEA (leaf insects, stick insects) MANTODEA (mantids, praying mantids) ODONATA (dragonflies, damselflies) Insects and their Allies www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects_allies.html 64 Insects and allied pests - Identification and classification
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds ORDER DIPTERA Flies, gnats, leafminers, midges, mosquitoes NO. SPECIES IN AUSTRALIA SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES More than 8,000 species have been identified in Australia. www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/diptera.html www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_flies/index.html Lucid key On The Fly - The Interactive Atlas and Key to Australia Fly Families www.lucidcentral.org/ Members of this order are fairly similar in appearance. ADULT Wings 1. One pair of membraneous forewings. Do not confuse flies with wasps which have 2 pairs of wings. 2. Hindwings reduced to small club-like structures (halteres) are used as stabilisers during flight. 3. Some species are wingless. Eyes Mouth Usually large compound eyes, each eye has up to 4000 lens. Can see movements quickly. 1. Varies among different families, but usually used for sucking up liquid (except for carnivorous types). 2. In some families, eg mosquitoes, the mouth has been adapted for piercing. LARVA Legs No true legs, often called a ‘maggot’. Head Mostly very reduced head capsule. LIFE CYCLE There is a complete metamorphosis - egg, larva (maggot), pupa and adult (fly). Queensland fruit fly 4-5 mm long Many variations, eg bean fly, cineraria leafminer, fungus gnats, garden maggots METHOD OF FEEDING ADULT LARVA Sucking and sometimes piercing. Feeds on liquids. Liquid diet. Some predatory larvae have mandibles, eg hover flies. Larvae eat the food they hatch on (carefully selected by the mother fly). Insects and allied pests - Diptera (flies) 65
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds