PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds ORDER ORTHOPTERA Crickets, grasshoppers, katydids, locusts NO. SPECIES IN AUSTRALIA SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES LIFE CYCLE In excess of 2,500 species. The general appearance of these insects makes this order difficult to confuse with other orders. Resistance to pesticides has only occasionally occurred. www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/orthoptera.html The Australian Plague Locust Commission (APLC) may be accessed at: www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health/locusts ADULT Body Generally fairly large, no distinct constriction between head and thorax. Many are well camouflaged. Wings Legs 1. Two pairs in adult. Some species with short wings or without wings. 2. Forewing thickened, forming a cover over the hindwing. 3. Hindwing gauzy and plaited or fan-like. 4. Some males produce sounds by rubbing specialized parts of the forewings, abdomen and/or legs together to produce a characteristic song, eg crickets rubbing their forewings together. Hindlegs enlarged and developed for jumping. Thorax Pronotum (upper surface of 1 st segment of the thorax) is prominent, often saddle-shaped.. NYMPH Similar to adult, but smaller and wingless. There is a gradual metamorphosis - egg, nymph (usually 5 stages) and adult. It is difficult to produce a generalized life cycle for such a diverse order. For example, locusts and crickets lay eggs in the soil but tree grasshoppers or long horned crickets and grasshoppers lay them on leaves. Australian plague locust Adults are 20-45 mm long There are many variations, eg spur-throated locust has 1 generation each year METHOD OF FEEDING ADULT All stages have chewing mouthparts and mostly feed on plants, NYMPH a few species prey on other insects. Many feed at night and rest on plants during the day. 180 Insects and allied pests - Orthoptera (locusts)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds PLANT DAMAGE DIRECT CHEWING DAMAGE. Damage is caused by both adults and nymphs feeding. Since ancient times locusts have been known for devouring crops when large swarms occur. However, some tree ‘crickets’ are omnivorous and may do little harm. LEAVES STEMS FRUIT SEED ROOTS Eaten, eg Australian plague locust Eaten, eg citrus treehopper (fruit), field crickets (seed) Eaten, eg mole crickets, sandgropers INDIRECT DAMAGE. Tunneling in soil, eg mole crickets. Some tree crickets bite if handled. LOCUSTS OR GRASSHOPPERS. Locusts form into bands as hoppers (flightless young) and swarms (adults). Grasshoppers do neither. Some gregarious grasshoppers are called locusts, www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/orthoptera.html LIST OF SOME SPECIES Mole cricket front legs modified for digging Australian plague locust Not known in Australia Sand groper Threatened species COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (not exhaustive) CRICKETS (several families) Most are vegetarians, some predators Arboreal cricket Hemiphonus sp. River red gum, wattle Black field cricket Teleogryllus commodus Grasses, clovers, vegetables, nursery stock. Widespread Mole crickets Family Gryllotalpidae Their loud persistent, monotonous call can be heard after dark coming from holes in lawns especially after afternoon rain Roots of turf, tubers, other garden species. Common KATYDIDS & LONGHORNED GRASSHOPPERS (Family Tettigoniidae) Citrus katydid Inland katydid Caedicia spp. C. simplex Citrus fruits, blackberries, etc Fruit, eg peaches, citrus. Common in gardens LOCUSTS & GRASSHOPPERS (Family Acrididae) Australian plague locust (APL) Chortoicetes terminifera Almost any plant material, but prefer grasses Spur-throated locust Nomadacris guttulosa Grass, eucalypts, other trees. May roost in trees Migratory locust Locusta migratoria Range of species, palms Eastern plague locust Oedaleus australis Almost any plant material Yellow-winged locust Gastrimargus musicus Almost any plant material Desert locust Schistocerca gregaria Plagues threaten agricultural production in Africa, the Middle East, Asia (done so for centuries) Giant grasshopper, hedge grasshopper Valanga irregularis Trees, shrubs in northern Australia, eg palms, agricultural and horticultural crops, young eucalypts. Up to 75 mm long. Smallplaguegrasshopper Austroicetes cruciata Almost any plant material Wingless grasshopper Phaulacridium vittatum Wide range of plants SANDGROPERS (Family Cylindrachetidae) Sandgropers Cylindracheta spp. Live underground in sandy soils, feeding and shredding under-ground stems and roots. BENEFICIAL & ENDANGERED ORTHOPTERA Tree crickets King crickets Gryllacridae Stenopelmatidae Caterpillars, insect eggs. May feed on leaves Predatory grasshopper Tettigoniidae Other insects, may eat plants Cooloola Monster (primitive cricket-like) Cooloola propator Believed to feed on other soildwelling insects Insects and allied pests - Orthoptera (locusts) 181
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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