PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds CONTROL METHODS (contd) For many plants, resistant to root knot nematodes are yet to be found or only partial resistance is available, eg no turfgrass is known to be resistant to the feeding of all nematodes Exotic nematodes have probably been in Australia for many years before being detected and identified, eg potato cyst nematode To minimize grapevine losses due to nematodes, current management practices include hot water treatment of grapevine planting material, nematode-resistant rootstocks and nematicides RESISTANT, TOLERANT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS. When varieties with desired horticultural qualities of resistance or tolerance and suited to local conditions, are available, their cultivation is the most effective and convenient way of reducing losses from nematodes, especially when used with effective rotation crops. Some newer varieties are not only resistant to nematodes, but may be resistant to other diseases or pests and be available as disease-tested planting material. The search is on now for varieties of bananas and other crops with resistance to several nematode species and soil diseases. Cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.) and root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) cause significant losses around the world. Screening programs can assess resistance to each of these species. Sugarcane is subject to more serious nematode infestations than any other crop in Australia, at least 8 genera are reasonably common in most sugar growing countries so crop rotation, minimum tillage residue retention, etc. Crops can be genetically engineered to be either resistant or at least have some tolerance to a particular species of nematode. Transgenic grapevines and root stocks with resistance to several nematode species could be developed. Synthetic plant resistance is a new approach to control of plant parasitic nematodes. Plant activators can stimulate the plant’s resistance mechanisms. Nematode-resistant rootstocks. – Some tomato varieties show some resistance to certain nematodes (and other soil diseases). Their inclusion in a crop rotation can be as useful as growing a non-host. – Grapevine ‘Harmony’ has some resistance to the dagger nematode and the grape phylloxera (a gall aphid). – Peaches, nectarine, plums and apricots are generally propagated on peach seedling rootstocks. Seed is usually obtained from cannery seed. Only the seed from a true-to-type Nemaguard parent tree can be guaranteed to have resistance to root knot nematode, not seed from a Nemaguard seedling. PLANT QUARANTINE. Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS). Many plant parasitic nematodes have not as yet reached Australia, eg soya bean nematode, or if they have, their distribution is restricted, eg potato cyst nematode. For target lists of insects, plant and animal pests and diseases and weeds, visit: www.daff.gov.au/aqis/quarantine/naqs/target-lists PaDIL (Pests and Diseases Image Library) www.padil.gov.au/ Interstate and Regional Plant Quarantine. Health certificates are required for rye seed and hay produced in SA and moving into NSW and Victoria to limit risk of spreading annual rye grass toxicity (ARGT) (page 253). Potato cyst nematode in WA has restricted the movement of potatoes to other States/Territories. ‘Local’ quarantine. Nematodes can be introduced to nurseries, orchards via: – Infested plant material (plants, bulbs, seedlings, tubers, nursery stock). Suspect plants should be kept isolated until non-infection is confirmed. – Soil (in containers, pots, soil deliveries). The roots of all purchases should be inspected and plants kept separate until proven healthy. DISEASE-TESTED PLANTING MATERIAL. Only use nematode-tested planting material and only take propagation material from healthy plants and only plant in nematode-free soil (treatment may be required). Infested vegetative planting material (runners, bulbs, rooted nursery stock, tubers, seedlings) can be effectively treated. Treatments include: – Hot water treatments (bulbs, strawberry runners, rose/grapevine nursery stock). – Chemical dips (banana corms). Inspect/test all new purchases (cuttings, seedlings, tubers etc) if appropriate, for nematode infestation, as their introduction by this means often results in rapid spread. Remember they may have been shipped before symptoms were visible. Grow one's own seedlings and other propagating material as far as possible, and plant in soil or media free from nematodes or in soil which has been pasteurized, fumigated or treated with a nematicide. PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL METHODS. Heat is the only physical method used to control nematodes. Usually limited to high value crops and/or small areas. Hot water treatment (HWT) is used to treat daffodil bulbs, strawberry runners and rose nursery stock; also grape cuttings to rid them of phylloxera, nematodes, root rotting fungi and bacteria. Seek expert advice on treatment. Soil pasteurization. Heating soil to 60 o C for half an hour will rid soil of parasitic nematodes and fungal diseases. Only suitable for small quantities of soil such as in glasshouses and cutting beds. Soil solarization. Clear plastic stretched over moistened soil, traps solar energy to heat the soil and suppress soil fungi and nematodes. The soil to the depth of 15cm must be consistently heated for at least 3-4 weeks in the hottest conditions (may reach 52 o C in the top 5 cm) and for several months in the cooler months. 264 Nematode diseases
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds CONTROL METHODS (contd) Nematicides should only be applied when a nematode infestation has been confirmed NEMATICIDES. Nematicides are used almost exclusively on high value crops, eg nurseries, flowers, vegetables, strawberries and turf. The number of nematicides available continue to decline due to their toxicity, costs and environmental issues. Some are being phased out, eg the fumigant methyl bromide. Substitutes for methyl bromide are not equally effective against all nematodes so that there is a need for continual monitoring to ensure that their use is limited to situations where a need has been demonstrated and the lowest rates required for normal plant growth and yield used rather than applications on a routine or calendar basis. Nematicide applications can be scheduled to get optimum control. Toxicity. Chemicals used to control nematodes are highly toxic, often they were developed as insecticides but nematicidal dosages are much higher than insecticidal ones. They are hazardous, their signal heading being either: DANGEROUS POISON or POISON Many products require permits for use and can only be supplied to and applied by appropriately trained operators or those working under their direct supervision. Most are persistent and some have a long withholding period. Some can be used as pre-plant applications only on some crops. Some may require special application equipment. Care must be taken to avoid environmental problems to fish and wild life, bees and birds, stock. Organophosphates and carbamates are toxic to birds grazing on treated areas. Many nematicides can contaminate ground water. Residual nematicides applications may damage later crops. There are no nematicides registered for control of foliar nematodes. Nematicides are used for soil treatments. Nematicides tend to be nematostatic rather than nematicidal. Nematode activity resumes when the concentration of chemical declines below a critical level. Control with is generally maintained for only a relatively short period. NON-FUMIGANT NEMATICIDES NON- SYSTEMIC - FOLIAGE None currently registered SYSTEMIC – FOLIAGE, eg Nemacur , various (fenamiphos) NON- SYSTEMIC - SOIL, eg Rugby (cadusafos) Vydate (oxamyl) SYSTEMIC - SOIL, eg Nemacur , various (fenamiphos) Temik (aldicarb) Nematode diseases 265
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds