PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Blood system YELLOW-GREEN FLUID CIRCULATION The blood of insects is a yellowish to greenish fluid. It is generally not confined to tubular arteries and veins as in humans but bathes all the internal organs and fills the body cavity. Insect blood is circulated by the pumping action of a tube-like heart which is located in the abdomen or thorax. The blood carries nutrients to the organs and transports waste from them. It carries very little oxygen or carbon dioxide. Nervous system, communication RECEPTORS PHEROMONES TOUCH, TASTING, SMELLING HEARING Pheromones guide ants along a trail SOUND PRODUCTION INSECTICIDES. l INSECTS HAVE RECEPTORS For seeing, feeling, tasting and hearing. Insects respond to these stimuli by appropriate behavior, eg moving. These functions rely on electrical messages sent along threadlike nerves. An insect's nervous system consists of a brain, various ganglions (groups of nerves) and other nerve structures. PHEROMONES are produced by special glands and are used to communicate or control behaviour or development of other insects. Insects can detect pheromones over long distances. Ants, bees and wasps use pheromones for communication within a group. Pheromones are easy to put in lures for monitoring insect presence, populations or for control. HAIRS ON VARIOUS PARTS OF AN INSECT BODY may be sensitive to touch or chemical substances. Movement of hair electrically stimulates nerves within the hair. The open ends of hairs on mouthparts, antennae or parts of the legs may be sensitive to chemicals and are called chemo-receptors. Feathery antennae of many male moths detect chemicals given out by females. Butterflies and flies taste their food by walking on it. INSECTS HAVE EARS Ears are thin areas of cuticle supplied with special nerve endings. Their position varies, eg some grasshoppers have an ear on each foreleg, cicadas have ears on the abdomen, some moths have ears on the thorax. MANY INSECTS PRODUCE SOUNDS usually by rubbing specialized parts of the body together. Some male crickets chirp on hot summer nights by rubbing specialised parts of their forewings together to attract the females. Male cicadas make a loud well known mating call by vibrating a pair of cuticle plates (drums), one on either side of the abdomen which amplifies the sound. It may also warn off predators. Each species has a distinct song. Mosquitoes make sound by beating their wings in flight. Some grasshoppers and beetles rub their rear leg and forewing together. Some insects make squeaky sounds by rubbing parts of their mouth together, others just tap on the ground or branch on which they are standing. NERVOUS SYSTEM Most older insecticides were developed to affect the nervous system of insects. The best known ones being the organophosphates, eg Rogor (dimethoate), Malathion (maldison) and the carbamates, eg carbaryl. 26 Insects and allied pests - Biology
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds PLANT DAMAGE Host range Insects and allied pests vary tremendously in the range of plants on which they can feed. It is important to know whether a pest can infest other plants and if so, which ones. VERY WIDE HOST RANGE A GROUP OF PLANTS, A FAMILY OR A FEW GENERA A GENUS, A FEW SPECIES WITHIN A GENUS OR SOME VARIETIES INSECTS WITH A VERY WIDE HOST RANGE include: African black beetle Australian plague locust Black scale Black vine weevil European earwig Greenhouse whitefly Green peach aphid Lightbrown apple moth Looper caterpillars Longtailed mealybug Onion thrips Twospotted mites may attack a wide range of plants, including Plague thrips ornamentals, fruit and vegetables. Twospotted mite Western flower thrips INSECTS WITH A RESTRICTED HOST RANGE include: Argentine stem weevil - Cool season grasses, eg bent, also wheat Codling moth - Pome fruits, eg apples and pears Gladiolus thrips - Gladiolus, carnation, arum lily, calla lily, Monbretia, ‘red-hot’ poker and tiger flower Oak leafminer - Oak, beech, Spanish chestnut Oriental fruit moth - Stone fruits Pumpkin beetle - Cucurbits and related plants Rose scale - Blackberry, loganberry, raspberry, rose Webbing caterpillars - Mainly Leptospermum, Melaleuca, also Astartea, Baeckea, Kunzea, Thryptomene Woolly aphid - Apple, crab apple, occasionally other hosts, rarely pears INSECTS WITH A VERY RESTRICTED HOST RANGE include: Azalea lace bug - Azalea, rhododendron Azalea leafminer - Azalea Citrus gall wasp - Citrus (especially lemon and grapefruit) Couchgrass scale - Couchgrass Fern scale - Ferns Grapeleaf blister mite - Grapevine (some varieties only) Grape phylloxera - Grapevines (some varieties only) Gumtree scale - Eucalypt (some species only) Leafblister sawfly - Eucalypt (some species only) Steelblue sawfly - Eucalypt (some species only) Insects and allied pests - Plant damage 27
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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