PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds LIST OF SOME SPECIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PEST STATUS/HOST RANGE (not exhaustive) (contd) WASPS (several families) www.cbit.uq.edu.au/software/whatwasp/ Gall wasps (not all galls are caused by wasps) Citrus gall wasp Bruchophagus fellis Citrus, esp. lemon, grapefruit. Preferred host is common rough lemon. Native host is fingerlime (Microcitrus australisica) Seed chalcids Eurytomidae Various types of seeds Citrus gall wasp damage by larvae Predatory wasps Locate nests by watching workers flying to & from the nest Biological control agents Capri fig wasp Lucerne seed wasp Parsnip seed wasp Wattle apple-gall wasp Blastophaga psenes Bruchophagus roddi Systole sp. Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae Figs, pollinated Capri fig develop a special flavour and quality Lucerne Parsnip Wattles Predatory wasps (Vespidae) English wasp Vespula vulgaris Sting humans, attack damaged fruit, prey on insects European wasp V. germanica Sting humans, attack damaged fruit, rob bee-hives, kill bees. Prey on insects, eg flies and caterpillars Paper wasps Polistes spp., They sting humans, adults feed on Ropalidia spp. nectar and prey on caterpillars to feed their larvae Parasitic wasps (several families) Aphid parasites Various species of wasps eg Aphids. Wasp larvae live inside Aphidius colemani aphids. The adult wasp, escapes by chewing a circular hole in the back of the mummified aphid Braconid wasps Family Braconidae Parasites of various aphids, caterpillars, weevils etc Parasitized aphid Aphid Chalcid wasps Family Chalcididae Insect larvae and pupae Flower wasps Family Tiphiidae Both sexes feed mainly on nectar, larvae parasitic on scarab larvae. Baker, G and Hardy, J. 2005 Survey Black Scale parasitoids in South Australian Olives. Sardi, SA.. (avail online) Parasitic wasp laying an egg in a scale insect Melaleuca sawfly (Lophyrotoma zonalis) is being used in USA as a biological control agent against melaleuca Potential biocontrol agent(?) Not known in Australia Hatchet wasps Ichneumon wasps Greenhouse whitefly parasite Red scale parasites Family Evaniidae Family Ichneumonidae Encarsia formosa Eggs, larvae of insects Eggs, larvae of insects Greenhouse whitefly, and to some extent silverfleaf whitefly Red scale (on citrus) Aphytis spp. Encarsia perniciosi Black scale parasite Metaphycus helvolus Soft brown scale Cabbage aphid parasite Diaeretiella rapae Cabbage aphid Cabbage white butterfly parasite Cotesia glomerata Cabbage white butterfly Sirex parasite Sirex noctilio Sirex on Pinus radiata Trichogramma wasp Trichogramma spp. Moths and butterflies eggs, caterpillars. Woolly aphid Aphelinus mali Woolly aphid parasite WOOD WASPS (Family Siricidae) Sirex wasp Sirex noctilio Pinus radiata, other Pinus spp. Tremex wasp Tremex fuscicornis Poplars and willows SAWFLIES (several families) Bramble sawfly Philomastix macleaii Blackberry, other brambles Ringed sawfly Pterygophorus cinctus Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) Melaleuca sawfly, Lophyrotoma zonalis (other paperbark sawfly species may attack Callistemon, etc) Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) Cypress pine sawfly Zenarge turneri Native Callitris, exotic cypress Raspberry sawfly Prophorus morio Raspberry, blackberry, loganberry Leafblister sawfly Phylacteophaga spp. Eucalypts Steelblue sawfly Perga spp. (‘spitfires’) Eucalypts Pear and cherry slug Caliroa cerasi Cherry, pear, plum, also peach, almonds, quinces, hawthorn, Rosaceous plants preferred Willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus Crack, weeping, golden and pencil willows Willow shoot sawfly Janus abbreviatus Poplar, willow Endangered (?) Flightless sawfly Clarissa tasbates In Tasmania 116 Insects and allied pests - Hymenoptera (ants, bees, sawflies, wasps)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds ANTS, BEES, WASPS AND SAWFLIES Summary - Some exceptions ANTS BEES WASPS SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES 1. ‘Waist’ 2. Swelling on ‘waist’ 3. Social insects (males, queens, sterile workers and soldiers) 4. Compare with ‘white ants’ (termites) which belong to the Order Isoptera 1. ‘Waist’ 2. Hairs on body 3. Many have long tongue for supping nectar 4. Bees feed their larvae on nectar 5. Broader bodies than wasps 6. Some bees are social insects (males or drones, queens, sterile workers) 7. Use pollen and nectar as food for larvae 1. ‘Waist’ 2. No hairs on body 3. Most are parasitic on other insects, some prey on other insects 4. Some wasps are social insects (females, males, workers) PLANT DAMAGE DIRECT FEEDING DAMAGE. LEAVES Chewed edges, eg adult ants INDIRECT DAMAGE. Are attracted to honeydew Spread scale insects Repel parasitic insects which might control scales, aphids, leafhoppers, lerp insects, etc Nest in turf, bowling greens, etc May sting humans and animals DIRECT FEEDING DAMAGE. Possible transfer of pollen containing genetically modified material INDIRECT DAMAGE. Adult leafcutting bees cut pieces of leaves to build nests Pollination of flowers hastens withering reducing their commercial value Not all species sting. Honeybees vary in their aggressiveness. BENEFICIAL. Their main value is as pollinators DIRECT FEEDING DAMAGE. LEAVES FRUIT STEMS Galls, eg on eucalypts General pest Galls, eg citrus gall wasp, sirex wasp (plus a fungus) SAWFLIES 1. No ‘waist’ 2. Stout saw-like ovipositor which the female uses to cut plant tissue to insert her eggs 3. Larvae are often caterpillar-like (thoracic legs + 6-8 pairs prolegs), some only have true legs on the thorax. INDIRECT DAMAGE. May sting aggressively BENEFICIAL. Biological control agents, eg parasitic wasps, predatory wasps Pollinators DIRECT FEEDING DAMAGE. LEAVES Chewing damage, eg steelblue sawfly Leafmining, eg leafblister sawfly Skeletonization, eg pear and cherry slug INDIRECT DAMAGE. Unsightly and sometimes unpleasant communal behaviour Insects and allied pests - Hymenoptera (ants, bees, sawflies, wasps) 117
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds