PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Summary - Some exceptions (contd) LERPS MEALYBUGS SCALES WHITEFLIES SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES 1.Adults are similar in appearance to aphids with wings, usually free living and can jump (hence the nick name of jumping plant lice). 2.Wings held roof-like over body. 3.Vary in size, up to 10 mm. 4.Nymphs of some species shelter beneath a lerp covering which is easily removed. 1. Oval to elongated body up to 20 mm long. 2. Soft-bodied and quite mobile (move very slowly). 3. Frill of white filaments around margin of body. 4. Secrete a white waxy meal. 5. Closely related to scale insects. 1.Female wingless and stationary and degenerate, male is winged. 2.Female is larger than the male. 3.Female is protected by secretions: 4.Armoured scales: Usually very small, may look like dust Soft flattened body under a separate hard scaly covering. Little if any honeydew 5.Soft scales: Larger than armoured scales. Soft body with, initially no covering. However, the upper surface of adults is usually tough or protected with a waxy or mealy secretion. Produce honeydew in varying amounts which attracts ants and on which sooty mould grows. 1.Adult male and female insects winged. 2.Up to 3 mm wingspan. 3.Body and wings covered with white powdery material. 4.Two pairs wings of almost equal size, held flat over body. 5.Nymphs oval and flattened, not mobile. Parasitized nymphs turn black. PLANT DAMAGE DIRECT SUCKING DAMAGE. LEAVES Dead areas, eg many species which attack eucalypts Defoliation, eg as above Mottling, eg as above INDIRECT DAMAGE. Secrete honeydew. Lerp coverings DIRECT SUCKING DAMAGE. LEAVES Wilting and death eg longtailed mealybug especially on greenhouse and indoor plants ROOTS Death, eg root mealybugs GENERAL Death of plant, eg many species of mealybug INDIRECT DAMAGE. Disfigurement from presence and honeydew and waxy deposits DIRECT SUCKING DAMAGE. LEAVES Yellowing, eg black scale Leaf fall, eg red scale (citrus) FRUIT Disfigurement, eg red scale STEMS Dieback, eg San Jose scale, TRUNK gumtree scale GENERAL Stunting, eg white louse scale Dieback, especially armoured scales INDIRECT DAMAGE. Soft scales produce honeydew, eg soft brown scale. Unsightly, eg white wax scale. Loss of overseas markets, eg San Jose scale. Citrus fruit with scale on local markets reduces value DIRECT SUCKING DAMAGE. LEAVES Mottling, eg greenhouse whitefly (GHWF) GENERAL Death of seedlings, eg GHWF Reduced vigour, eg silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) INDIRECT DAMAGE. Honeydew and associated sooty mould Overseas they are known to transmit some virus and virus-like diseases. 146 Insects and allied pests - Hemiptera (bugs, aphids, etc)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Fig. 101. Miscellaneous true bugs. (Heteroptera). Green vegetable bug (Nezara viridula). PhotoNSW Dept of Industry and Investment (E.H.Zeck). Enlarged x4: 1. 1 st -stage nymph 2. 2 nd -stage nymph 3. 3 rd -stage nymph 4. 4 th -stage nymph (2 colour forms) 5. 5 th -stage nymph (2 colour forms) 6. Adult 7. Egg All actual size: 8. Tomato leaf 9. Eggs laid in cluster 10. 1 st stage nymphs (group) 11. 2 nd stage nymph 12. 3 rd stage nymph 13. 4 th stage nymph 14. 5 th stage nymph 15. Adult Spined citrus bug (Biprorulus bibax), green, 20 mm long. Bronze orange bug (Musgraveia sulciventris), 25 mm long. Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor), grey, 5 mm long. Photo NSW Dept of Industry and Investment. Harlequin bug (Dindymus versicolor), red/black, 12 mm long. Photo NSW Dept of Industry and Investment. Lace bugs (Tingidae). Only a few species damage plants, eg azalea, macadamia and olive lace bugs, they are host specific. Left: Adult lace bug, 3 mm long. Right: Spiny nymph, 3 mm long. BENEFICIAL BUGS. Assassin bugs Vine moth bug (Reduviidae), dark, (Oechalia schellembergii), 20 mm long. brown, 12 mm long. Some predatory bugs seek out prey, others wait in ambush. Vine moth bug, predatory shield bug (Oechalia schellembergii) sucks the contents from a grapevine moth caterpillar feeding on a grapevine leaf. Insects and allied pests - Hemiptera (bugs, aphids, etc) 147
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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1 PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disea
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds