PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Resistant varieties. Plant WFT-tolerant cultivars if practical. This does not necessarily reduce spread of TSWV (page 286). Plant quarantine. AQIS. Consignments to some countries are fumigated and/or destroyed if thrips are found. All plants and cuttings imported into Australia are subject to mandatory treatments to kill thrips and other insects. Flowers, vegetables and fruit are subject to inspections and if infested, are treated. Some products may be destroyed. State/Regional quarantine. Status of WFT within Australia is under constant review. – Protocols for entry to various states may involve inspection, treatment, or sourced from a property free of this pest (area freedom). – Check with transporters to ensure plants do not become contaminated after they leave the property. – Non-hosts are plants not known to be hosts of WFT and include banana leaf, bulbs without leaves, conifers, ferns, roses (dormant and without leaf), trees (deciduous and without leaf). Non-hosts pose a very low risk of transporting WFT so that certification of WFT-free plants may not be needed. A declaration must accompany plants indicating that ‘only non-hosts’ plants are being transported. Local quarantine. Do not bring plants onto your property or return them from market unnecessarily. – Quarantine new plants and check for thrips, if present treat before placing with rest of stock. – Separate growing and retail areas. Pest-tested planting material. Only buy certified WFT and TSWV-free seedlings and cuttings from reliable or accredited suppliers. Greatest risk is from cuttings. Ensure stock plants for cuttings are thrips-free. Physical & mechanical methods. Insect microscreens (100-200 mesh) over greenhouse vents and doors prevent thrips invasions from outside (anti-thrips net). Greenhouse plastics. WFT prefer to enter tunnels that transmit higher levels of UV light. So UV-absorbing greenhouses plastic films could be used to influence flight behaviour. Insecticides. Except for WFT, thrips are easily controlled with current insecticides. Most states have a Western flower thrips (WFT) Insecticide Resistance Management Plan. Access a copy. Permits may be required. Intervals between sprays. Insecticides kill nymphs and adults, not eggs (which are inside the leaf) and pupae (which are mostly in the soil). Several sprays may be prescribed to cover the time taken for eggs to hatch into larvae and for pupae to develop into adults. Resistance management – WFT is notorious for its resistance to insecticides. – Only a few insecticides give any practical control of WFT which quickly becomes resistant to organophosphates, carbamate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. – Follow Croplife Australia Resistance Management Strategies for WFT on labels. Rotate insecticides as recommended to delay development of resistance. – Use application techniques, eg sprayer, aerosol, fogger, that give a good spray coverage of tiny droplets to contact thrips hiding in buds, etc. – Hydroponic growers incorporate insecticide into fertigation water. Weed removal is still essential otherwise WFT may again become a problem. – Consult various references (Stephens 2000). Once harvesting has commenced it is not possible to follow insecticide usage plans. Insecticides may be toxic to bees (page 114). Pest stimulation (increased egg laying) after exposure to residues of Mavrik (tau-fluvalinate), Kelthane (dicofol) and malathion occurs with citrus thrips. Whether this occurs with WFT is unknown, do not apply pesticides preventatively. Herbicides. Identify and eradicate non-crop hosts of WFT, including weeds. Effectiveness of insecticides may be improved by increasing greenhouse temperatures from 21-23 o C to 26-28 o C. Once in the air thrips have a greater chance of being exposed to insecticide and mortality rates increase by about 25%. Table 24. Some insecticides for Western Flower Thrips and other thrips spp. What to use? FOLIAGE Group 5, eg Entrust Naturalyte, Success Naturalyte (spinosad) Each state has management strategies for WFT, check current recommendations in your state for your crop, eg WFT Insecticide Resistance Management Plans PERMITS MAY BE REQUIRED SEED TREATMENTS Group 4A, eg Picus Seed Treatment (imadicloprid) protects cotton seedlings from injury due to onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) and other thrips FERTIGATION, FUMIGATION TREATMENTS UNDER INVESTIGATION Group UN, eg soil drenches of Azamax (azadirachtin) and a foliar spray program of Neem (azadirachtin) Spray oils When and how to apply? Remember WFT can be difficult to target with insecticides as they lurk in inaccessible places. For effective control it is necessary for the insecticide to have a residual activity of 2-4 weeks. Only larval and adult stages susceptible to insecticides. Follow Croplife Australia Resistance Management Strategies Seed treatments protect certain crops from injury from thrips and certain other sucking insects and subsequent spread of virus diseases. Insecticide in fertigation water, eg hydroponic lettuce. Some growers fumigate soil and greenhouse between crops (page 61, Table 6.) 140 Insects and allied pests - Thysanoptera (Thrips)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds NO. SPECIES IN AUSTRALIA ORDER HEMIPTERA Bugs; hoppers; aphids, lerps, mealybugs, scales, whiteflies More than 6,000 species. A very diverse Order. Aphids and whiteflies are commonly found on sticky traps together with other small flying insects such as thrips, fungus gnats, shore flies, leafminers (flies) and a range of beneficial insects. Identification of these insects can be difficult, but necessary. www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/hemiptera.html SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES True bug, forewing with thickened portion Although some people this is not correct. True bugs belong to the Order Hemiptera LIFE CYCLE ADULT Wings Usually 2 pairs (sometimes wingless). 1. Heteroptera (different wing). The true bugs, eg crusader bug, green vegetable bug. Forewings usually have a thickened front portion and a clear gauzy rear section, often folded flat over body. 2. Hoppers (same wing), eg cicadas, leaf hoppers, plant hoppers. Forewings of same texture all over (either entirely thickened or entirely clear), often held tentlike over abdomen. 3. Aphids, lerps, mealybugs, scales, whiteflies. Soft bodies and usually no wings, although some may have forewings only, adult whiteflies have 2 pairs. They often cover themselves with wax or froth which prevents their soft bodies from drying out. Antennae Often conspicuous in Heteroptera, but inconspicuous in the other 2 groups (there are some exceptions, eg aphids). Mouth Mouthparts common to all Hemiptera, include a sucking beak arising from the underside of the head. NYMPH Commonly resemble adults although color and markings may be very different. Young stages may be quite unlike the adult, eg Cicada nymphs are specialized for burrowing. Green vegetable bug nymphs are brightly colored with red, green, yellow, orange and black markings. There is a gradual metamorphosis - egg, nymph (several stages) and adult. No one member of the order is truly representative. There are many variations in winged/wingless populations, females may lay eggs, or give birth to live young. Parthenogenesis is common (page 23). Crusader bug 20-30 mm long Many variations, eg aphids, lerps, mealybugs, scales METHOD OF FEEDING ADULT NYMPH Most Hemipterous adults and nymphs are plant feeders and feed by piercing plant tissues and sucking sap. The ‘beak’ is used to guide the mouthparts to food. Some are predators and feed on other insects, eg caterpillars, some feed on fungi. Insects and allied pests - Hemiptera (bugs, aphids, etc) 141
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds