PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Management (IPM) Are you a commercial grower or home gardener? 1. Access/prepare a plan that fits your situation. Various IPM programs are available, eg for citrus, cotton, roses, strawberries and other crops. 2. Crop, region. Recognize variations. 3. Identification can be difficult, ensure damage is not caused by other mite species or by sucking insects. Consult a diagnostic service if required (page xiv). 4. Monitor mites, predators and damage regularly (page 39). Know when, where, what and how to monitor. Monitor with a small hand lens or employ a monitoring service. Inspection and trapping of 2-spotted should start when plants/cuttings first arrive and continue until day of plant sale (also for whitefly, aphids etc). This will alert you to hot spots or flare-ups so that you can order predators or handpick badly affected leaves and help prevent other pests, diseases and nutritional issues. Different crops require different monitoring procedures. Access information for your crop, eg roses, citrus, cotton. 5. Thresholds have been established for some crops. Growers may have to accept some damage, providing it is not causing economic loss. Citrus pest and predators. Threshold is more than 20% fruit or leaves infested. 6. Action/Control. Take appropriate action when any threshold is reached, eg Do nothing, use cultural and sanitation controls or water sprays. Release predators. Do not spray chemicals hazardous to predatory mites. It may be necessary to apply a corrective selective miticide to assist predators if monitoring shows a need. just before mite population increases to the stage of overcrowding when they are likely to ‘escape’. to control twospotted mites as long as possible. 7. Evaluation. Review IPM program to see how well it worked. Recommend improvements if required. Continue monitoring after treatment and consult previous year’s records for comparison. Control methods Cultural methods. Appropriate irrigation of outdoor and indoor plants can reduce the effects of infestation. Used in greenhouse flower-growing sometimes. Outdoor container plants can be moved from hot sunny positions to cooler, more sheltered sites. Plants such as violets in hot sites can be replanted in cooler, shaded areas. Sanitation. Destroy weeds and old crop residues which harbour mites and help to buildup mite populations. Keep glasshouse clean. Avoid handling infested material and brushing clothes by infested plants. Biological control. Natural enemies. –Predators include tiny black mite-eating ladybird (Stethorus spp.), native mites (Euseius victoriensis, E. eliniae), lacewing and fly larvae, thrips (Scolothrips sexmaculatus). –Fungal diseases (Neozygites spp., Hirsulella thompsonii) in coastal areas. Naturalis-O (Beauveria bassiana) is available overseas. move over leaves and other plant parts and prey on eggs, nymphs and adults of twospotted mites. Predators are also dispersed in wind from cooling fans and on workers’ clothing. Two insecticide-resistant predatory mites have been released in Australia. – to control twospotted mite in apple orchards and rose gardens in IPM programs. – can be purchased from several private companies for use in IPM programs. Adult Persimilis eat from 5-20 prey (eggs or mites) per day but they must have prey to feed on. IPM will not eradicate 2-spotted but will manage them at a level where there is no economic damage. Persimilis move faster than 2 spotted mites, are orange and pear shaped are easy to recognize using a hand lend or x10 (page 203, Fig. 126). – Suppliers provide information on when to release predators, how to use them effectively and which pesticides may be used. Predators are not resistant to all pesticides. Home garden packs of predatory mites are available. It is usually recommended that predators be released in spring, eg early September. Follow release instructions provided by the supplier. Regular introductions are more effective in roses and ornamentals in glasshouses. List of suppliers www.goodbugs.org.au/ – Monocultures. It is easier to biologically suppress twospotted mites where only one crop is grown, eg in apple orchards, orchids, rose gardens and cucurbit crops. It is more difficult to use them successfully in a home garden situation or in glasshouses where many different plants are grown. – aid in the development and dispersal of predators for control of plant pests, especially twospotted mites. They enhance persistence of predatory mites and improve. Banker plants in light weight containers can be moved to increase longrange dispersal of predators and be removed from direct harmful pesticide or fertilizer applications. Resistant varieties. Where twospotted mites are a constant problem, consider planting less susceptible species or varieties if practical. Umbrella and cocos palm have some resistance. Plant quarantine. Local quarantine. Avoid re-introducing infested plant material to properties. Plants brought into a nursery or onto a property should be thoroughly inspected and treated if necessary. Avoid introducing plants from areas where resistance to miticides is a problem. Pest-tested planting material. Avoid taking cuttings from infested plants or introducing/transporting infested plants. Brushing. 40 strokes twice daily or shaking of plant shoots has been shown to consistently reduced mites (and thrips) populations on some greenhouse plants. High volume high pressure can temporarily suppress populations by dislodging mites but may damage soft foliage. Miticides. control/suppress certain mite species. Follow Croplife Science Resistance Strategies and Resistance Warnings on labels. – Twospotted mites have developed resistance to most organophosphates and organochlorines. – Most serious mite infestations can be traced to continued use of one miticide, resulting in development of a resistant population. Generally the more often a chemical has been applied the greater the resistance problem. – Use insecticides alternate groups to prolong use of and avoid development of resistance. – Check resistance recommendations on labels. Application. Mites generally inhabit leaf undersurfaces and are difficult to contact with sprays. In orchards, high-pressure, high-volume sprays thoroughly drench trees and leaf undersurfaces. If dense foliage interferes with mite control, prune trees to open up the canopy. Webbing is inclined to repel spray droplets. Poor spray coverage and time of year can result in poor mite control. 204 Insects and allied pests – Mites (Arachnida, Acarina)
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Timing. Outdoor tree/bush crops. Commence in early spring at first sign of mite infestation (from September onwards). If this spray can be applied before mites have settled on leaves and before they have produced webbing, control is better. Different life stages. of mites (Table 41). – Information on using miticides on some crops is available (Learmonth 2008). – Some miticides are more effective against eggs than motile stages (nymphs and adults) and vice versa. The miticide chosen depends on the most abundant stage present at a particular time. – Ovicides (effective against eggs) and larvicides (effective against nymphs) reduce mite populations more slowly than those that are effective against all motile stages (nymphs and adults). Remember this lag time. Ovicides ideally should be applied when egg numbers are high and significant populations of active stages have developed. – Adulticides (effective against adults) quickly eliminate the feeding stages of mites and damage stops soon after the spray is applied. Their use can be delayed right up to the point where economic damage is imminent. Some adulticides are sloweracting than others and need to be applied earlier than more effective products to prevent damage. Where predatory mites. are being used to control twospotted mites. Suppliers indicate which pesticides may be used to control other pests and to supplement the control of twospotted mites by predatory mites. Avoid spray drift. Where only. pesticides are used. Use selective pesticides, eg miticides not toxic to naturally occurring predators of other pests. Avoid indiscriminate use of broad spectrum insecticides, eg carbaryl, synthetic pyrethroids. Table 41. Some miticides – Stages effective against (not necessarily twospotted mite). Insecticide ModeofAction Group TRADE NAME Active constituent 1B Folimat (omethoate) Malathion (maldsion) Rogor (dimethoate) Benthion (azinphos methyl) 3A Mavrik (tau-fluvalinate) Procide, Talstar (bifenthrin) 6 Avid, Gremlin, Vertimec Agrimec, various (abamectin) Ultiflora, MilbeKnock (milbemectin) 10A Apollo (clofentezine) Calibre (hexythiazox) STAGES OF MITES effective against Nymphs, adults Nymphs, adults Nymphs, adults Nymphs, adults Eggs, larvae, nymphs adults Eggs, early nymphs Eggs, early nymphs 10B Paramite, Stealth (etoxazole) Eggs, early nymphs mite growth regulator COMMENTS (Although some are selective miticides, some also control other insects) All broad spectrum, kill predators Mavrik suppresses mite populations. Fast knockdown. Used where resistance does not occur. Twospotted mites on ornamentals, strawberries Residual. Not toxic to predatory mites, beneficials. May control some resistant mites. Adults lays sterile eggs, stops existing eggs and nymphs developing 12A Pegasus (diafenthiuron) All stages Residual for 14 days, used in IPM. 12B Torque (fenbutatin oxide) Nymphs, adults Residual. Low toxicity to P. persimilis. 12C Betamite, Omite (propargite) Nymphs, adults Low toxicity to predatory mites. Secure, Intrepid (chlorfenapyr) Nymphs, adults Twospotted mite, no cross resistance has (stomach acting, ingested) been recorded. Persistent. 21A Pyranica (tebufenpyrad) Eggs, nymphs, adults Long lasting control. Sanmite (pyridaben) Eggs, nymphs, adults A few adult mites remain for 3-4 weeks, a week later most will have disappeared. 12D/UN Masta-mite (dicofol/tetradifon) Eggs, nymphs, adults Do not use with IPM programs or if mites are known to be resistant to dicofol. UN Acramite, Floramite (bifenazate) Adults, nymphs, some activity against eggs Selective miticide, quick knockdown thro’ contact activity & good residual activity, relatively inactive against predacious mites and beneficial insects UN Azamax, Eco-neem, Nymphs, adults (insect Twospotted mite, consistent applications Neemazal (azadirachtin) growth regulator, must be necessary, toxic to bees, do not use on ingested or contacted) plants that produce food for human or animal consumption UN Kelthane, Miti-Fol (dicofol) Nymphs, adults More effective against broad mite and Fungicide Group M2 Lime sulphur , Wettable sulphur , Sulphur Dusts Spray oils Petroleum oils Winter Oil , Stifle Dormant Oil Summer Spray Oil, White Oil , Pest oil Paraffinic oils BioPest Oil, BioClear , Eco-Pest Oil, EnSpray 99, Trump Spray Oil Botanical oils Eco-Oil Other sprays Soap sprays, eg Natrasoap , various (potassium salts) Home garden sprays, eg Rose Spray and Insect Killer (taufluvalinate/myclobutanil) Nymphs, adults, prevents buildup of mite populations Eggs, nymphs Spray oils are not selective and may harm predatory mites and other beneficials but they leave no residues and their effect is short-lived. New predators can colonize treated surfaces. Oils can damage plants, if used judicially they can be useful. Nymphs, adults cyclamen mite. Long residual. Contact, fumigant and smothering effects on mites Winter spray oils (dormant, semidormant) do not significantly reduce numbers of twospotted mites which ‘overwinter’ as adult females on herbage. Summer and other spray oils smother eggs, nymphs. Also predators. Spray oils may be used on hot spots where 2-spotted has built up to damaging numbers, well ahead of perennial buildup. Soaps dissolve waxy covers, may kill beneficials but only when first applied; new predators can safely colonize treated surfaces. Soap can damage some plants, if used judicially they can be useful. Insects and allied pests - Mites (Arachnida, Acarina) 205
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Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
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Control methods Cultural methods.
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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