PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds

PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ACTIVITIES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to do
the following:
1. List the distinguishing features of plant
parasitic nematodes.
2. Draw diagrammatically the life cycle of an
nematode.
3. Name the stages which damage plants, how
they feed on plants and the types of
symptoms which may develop on above and
below ground plant parts. Name 1 example of
each type of symptom.
4. Recognize by sight, symptoms produced on
plants by local nematode diseases.
5. Distinguish between galls caused by root
knot nematode infestation from those caused
by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and crown gall.
6. Distinguish between foliage symptoms
caused by root knot nematode infestation
from those caused by water stress, nutrient
deficiencies and excesses and poor vigour.
7. Describe 4 places where plant parasitic
nematodes might ‘overwinter’. Name
1 example of each.
8. Describe 4 ways by which plant parasitic
nematodes spread. Name 1 example of each.
9. Describe conditions favouring soil-inhabiting
nematodes and foliar nematodes which attack
above ground plant parts.
10. Describe State/Territory/Commonwealth
legislation which provides for the control of
nematode diseases.
11. List control methods for nematode diseases.
Describe 1 example of each.
Cultural
Sanitation
Biological
Resistance/tolerance
Plant quarantine
Nematode-tested
Physical and mechanical
Pesticides
12. Provide the active constituent, some trade
names, mode of action and some uses, for one
non-fumigant nematicide.
13. Describe how nematodes are used to control
insect pests of plants. Name 1 example.
14. Provide the following information for root
knot nematode or other local nematode pest:
Common name
Scientific name/Cause
Host range
Symptoms
Disease cycle
‘Overwintering’
Spread
Conditions favouring
IDM and Control
15. Prepare/access an IDM. program for a nematode
disease at your work or in your region.
16. Locate reference material and know where
to obtain advice on the identification and
control of nematode diseases.
272 Nematode diseases
SELECTED REFERENCES
Nematoda (Nematodes or Roundworms)
www.ento.csiro.au/science/nematode.html
Biological Crop Protection www.biolcrop.com.au/
Australasian Association of Nematologists (AAN)
http://nematologists.org.au/
The Australasian Plant Pathology Society (APPSnet)
www.australasianplantpathologysociety.org.au/
includes a special section on Soil Diseases
Many publications are available on nematode species
present on particular crops, eg bananas, grain crops,
sugar cane, pineapple, roses, vegetables.
Fact Sheets by State/Territory Depts of Primary
Industries are available online, eg
Root Knot Nematode
Keys
CSIRO Nematoda and Key to the Nematodes of Australia
www.ento.csiro.au/science/nematode.html
Nemasys www.cbit.uq.edu.au/software/nemasys/
Lucid keys of DIRECT Relevance to Quarantine, Plant
Health and Invasive Species. avail online
Plant quarantine
Commonwealth quarantine www.daff.gov.au/aqis
PaDIL - Pests and Diseases Image Library of diagnostic
photographs and information www.padil.gov,au
Target lists of weeds, insects, plant and animal pests and
diseases. www.daff.gov.au and search for target lists
State websites have information of nematodes and quarantine
restrictions in their states
Organic products, standards
AS 6000—2009. Standards Australia Organic and
Biodynamic Products. Standards Australia.
Organic Federation of Australia www.ofa.org.au
for organic certifiers, products etc
Becker Underwood Australia www.beckerunderwood.com
Ecogrow www.ecogrow.com.au
Nematicides
Pubcris. APVMA. Canberra www.apvma.gov.au
Infopest, Qld www.dpi.qld.gov.au/infopest
Croplife Australia www.cropelifeaustralia.org.au/
Chemical Toxicity to Beneficials www.goodbugs.org.au/
MSDS www.msds.com.au/
Company websites provide labels and MSDSs
General
Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology. 5 th edn. Academic
Press, NY. also 4 th edn 1997.
Bedding, R., Akhurst, R. and Kaya, H. (eds), 1993.
Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests.
CSIRO Pub.
Bridge, J. and Starr, J. M. 2007. Plant Nematodes of
Agricultural Importance. (colour). Manson Pub. UK.
Brown, J. F. and Ogle, H. J. 1997. Plant Pathogens and
Plant Diseases. Rockvale Pubs., Armidale, NSW.
Carson, C. 2000. Testing Your Own Rice Flower Planting
Sites for Nematodes. DPI Note. Qld DPI, Brisbane.
Goodwin, S., Steiner, M. Parker, R., Tesoriero, L.,
Connellan, G., Keskula, E., Cowper, B., Medhurst, A.
and Rodriguez, C. 2000. Integrated Pest Management
in Ornamentals : Information Guide. NSW DPI.
Heinz, K. M., Driesche, R. G., Parella, M. P. 2004.
BioControl in Protected Culture. 2 nd edn. Ball Pub.
Hodda, M. (2000). Nematodes of the Murray-Darling
River System and Coastal Fresh Waters of Southeastern
Australia. CSIRO, Canberra. avail online.
Hodda, M. 2008 International Spotlight on Tiny Worms.
CSIRO Media Release. 14 July 2008.
Hodda, M., Stewart, E., Fitzgibbon, F., Reid, I., Longstaff.
B. C. and Packer, I. 1999. Nematodes : Useful
Indicators of Soil Conditions. No.98/141,RIRDC, ACT.
Holland, R. J. and Williams, K. L. 1998. Fixing Nematodes
with Microbes. Micro. Aust., May.
Jones, D. L. and Elliot, W. R. 1986. Pests, Diseases and
Ailments of Australian Plants. Lothian Pub., Melbourne.
McMaugh, J. 1994. What Garden Pest or Disease is That?
Lansdowne Press, Sydney.
Nobbs, J. M. 2004. Plant Parasitic Nematodes of
Australia [electronic resource]. SARDI, 2004.
O'Brien, P. C. and Stirling, G. R. 1991. Plant Nematology
for Practical Agriculturalists. 3 rd edn. Qld DPI,
Brisbane.
Shurtleff, M. C. and Averre III, C. W. 2000. Diagnosing
Plant Diseases Caused by Nematodes. APS Press. MN.
Stirling, G. R. 2000. Nematodes Monitoring Strategies
for Vegetable Crops. No.00/25. RIRDC, ACT.
Stirling, G. R., Harrower, K. and Webb, L. E. (eds).
2008. Plant and Soil Nematolody in Australia and
New Zealand. Australasian Plant Pathology, 37,3.
van Someren Graver, J. E. 2004. Guide to Fumigation
Under Gas-proof Sheets. ACIAR.
Walker, G. 2006. Biocontrol Organisms and Human
Health. Aust. Nem Nos Vol.17. No.1. Jan 2006.
Grewal, P. S., Ehlers, R-U., Shapiro-Ilan, D. I. 2005.
Nematodes as Biological Control Agents. CABI Pub.