PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL METHODS Knowledge of how plants respond to damage can be applied to develop more effective physical control methods for weeds. Blade ploughing Mimosa pigra cuts off plants about 10 cm below ground level and is more effective than cutting them at ground level or 15cm above ground level which results in most plants resprouting Plastic irrigation equipment does not respond well to being flamed LIGHT & SEED GERMINATION Seed germination of some weed seeds, eg sowthistle, is favoured by light, however, some germination occurs in the dark as well. PROBABLY THE OLDEST METHODS OF WEED CONTROL. Barriers. Garden beds can be edged to prevent weeds entering from lawns. Weed Gunnel is a permeable and degradable weed barrier which can be placed around trees and shrubs, also used for fence lines and various sizes of pots. Hand weeding, chipping, hoeing, before flowering or seed set, controls scattered weeds and small patches of annual weeds in garden beds and landcare areas. Some woody weeds are easy to pull out. Can be labor intensive and costly for large areas, and not suitable for median strips, parking areas where pebbles might be disturbed. Various tools have been developed to remove broadleaved weeds in lawns, tractormounted mechanical weeders work around fruit trees and vines. Mowing, slashing, grazing weeds before seed set prevents viable weed seeds from being added to the soil seedbank and is useful for controlling annual and biennial weeds. – Some weeds tolerate close mowing, eg winter grass in turf. May encourage growth and flowering of prostrate plants such as white clover and wireweed. – Repeated mowing, slashing and grazing will restrict some perennial weeds by weakening food reserves, by defoliation and preventing flowering and seed set. – Used to reduce fire risks associated with grass and other weeds. – Cheaper than cultivation and it preserves the ground cover reducing erosion and improving access in wet weather. – Mowing may be used in conjunction with herbicide applications. – Selective grazing by stock can cause unpalatable ungrazed species to become dominant and troublesome. Pastures and grazing management includes grazing regimes, prudent fertilizers, heavy grazing forces stock to eat the less palatable weeds. Sheep graze closer to the ground than cattle so do more damage to weeds. Avoid overgrazing, use appropriate stocking rates, rotational grazing to avoid overgrazing, bare ground and subsequent weed invasion. Goats graze on thistles, bracken and gorse. – Protect trees from lawnmower, whipper-snipper (and herbicide) damage. Equipment trailed behind harvesters, which destroys any weed seeds in harvester chaff and re-spreads the chaff over the field, is currently being researched. Rolling weeds and cover crops with special machinery, flattens them; they then break down slowly into mulch. Scalping is used in forestry for plantation establishment, and involves the removal of the weeds and topsoil with a tractor or bulldozer on flat sites, but there are costs and tree nutrition problems, resulting from removal of topsoil. Some implements bury seeds (rotovators), while others lift them up to the surface (spring tines) where they can be removed mechanically as they germinate. Aquatic weed harvesters cut, load and dump weeds out of waterways. Flooding is timed in rice fields so that weed seed germination is suppressed and growing weeds drowned meanwhile the more water tolerant rice is unharmed. HEAT. Burning weeds and crops using flame throwers (low pressure gas burning torches), are occasionally used by trained personnel, but may be prohibited by local legislation or at certain times of the year. Flames or superheated steam (searing) boils moisture in weeds which die back to the crown. They may be hand-held or tractormounted. Most effective on weeds with unprotected growth points and/or thin leaves, eg chickweed, and weeds with a low capacity for root suckering, thin bark, etc. Degree of control of woody weeds depends on the species. – Does not kill perennial weeds the effect on weeds being similar to that of mowing or slashing except that burning is more complete. – Many natural ecosystems are adapted to regular fires and species diversity may decline unless they are burnt. Burning may stimulate germination of some soil-stored weed seeds such as some legume seeds. The intensity of fire determines which seeds are stimulated. Too frequent burning can lead to fire-resistant weeds, loss of surface organic matter, poor soil stability, loss of the desirable species in pasture, erosion and depletes reserves of phosphorus. Can kill seed present on the soil surface of natural bushland, eg boneseed. – Ideal for suppressing weeds where chemical use is not appropriate or where machines cannot access, eg paths, lawns and gardens against fences, and around trees. Selectively controls weed seedlings in established cotton and maize crops. – Stubble burning, followed by a post-emergent herbicide, can reduce weed seeds. – Does not disturb the soil and the technique is accepted by organic groups. Infrared weedkillers of various types are being developed overseas; some of which look like mowers, can be wheeled down greenhouse/nursery rows to clean up crop debris, kill weeds, weed seeds and spores. Hand held types are also available. Pasteurization. Aerated steam (60 o C for 30 minutes) is used to treat potting and propagation media in nurseries to kill most plant disease organisms, leaving some beneficial microflora. Some weed seeds are killed, but higher temperatures are needed to kill many species of weed seeds. Solarization prior to planting, properly implemented can cause soil temperatures to increase to such an extent that some young weeds, many seeds and some plant disease organisms are destroyed (page 330). Solarization is not possible in mixed or perennial plantings. Often not very effective against weeds with deep roots and rhizomes. Water beds before solarization to improve control. Moisture under the plastic helps conduct heat and stimulates weed seeds to germinate prior to killing them. 438 Weeds - Integrated Weed Management
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds HERBICIDES LEGISLATION. Commonwealth legislation provides for a national system of pesticide registration up to the point of sale. Registration is the responsibility of the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA). APVMA www.apvma.gov.au/ and search PUBCRIS for registered chemicals or purchase Infopest www.dpi.qld.gov.au/infopest AS 6000—2009. Organic and Biodynamic Products (Standards Australia) outlines minimum requirement to be met by growers and manufacturers wishing to label their products To check for products permitted in organic systems AS 6000—2009. Organic and Biodynamic Products www.standards.org.au/ Organic Federation of Australia (OFA) www.ofa.org.au/ Biological Farmers of Australia www.bfa.com.au/ National Association for Sustainable Agriculture, Australia (NASAA) www.nasaa.com.au/ Organic Growers of Australia (OGA) www.organicgrowers.org.au/ State/Territory/Regional legislation currently regulates the use of pesticides. However, it is intended that there be a national system. All persons using pesticides commercially must undergo training in the safe handling and use of pesticides. HERBICIDE APPLICATIONS. Herbicide application (page 440). Herbicide application equipment (page 441). Non-systemic & systemic herbicides (movement in weeds) (page 442). Non-selective & selective herbicides (page 443) When can herbicides be applied – stage of crop growth? (page 446). When can herbicides be applied – stage of weed growth? (page 447). Summary & examples (page 448). Resistance (page 449) Herbicide Mode of Action Groups (Table 72, page 450). Other products, plant extracts, etc (Table 72, page 454) Fumigants (page 267). Contact CropLife Australia for updates of Herbicide Mode of Action Resistance Groups www.cropelifeaustralia.org.au/ Wipe-Out Plus. WEEDMASTER DUO . Fig. 249. Some glyphosate labels (more than 100 formulations). Weeds - Integrated Weed Management 439
Page 1 and 2:
PLANT PROTECTION 1 Pests, Diseases
Page 3 and 4:
PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disease
Page 5 and 6:
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
. PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disea
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
1 PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disea
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Control methods Cultural methods.
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406: PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disease
Page 439 and 440: . PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disea
Page 455: PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disease
Page 503 and 504: Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
show all

PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?

PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds