PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Maggot. Legless larva of flies (Order Diptera). Mantid A predaceous insect belonging to the Order Mantodea (mantids, praying mantids). Marking agent A coloured substance used to ensure uniform coverage of a pesticide over a particular area. Masked symptoms Absence of symptoms on virus-infected plants under certain environmental conditions, but which appear when the plant is exposed to certain conditions of light and temperature. Mealybug An insect belonging to the Order Hemiptera (bugs; hoppers; aphids, lerps, scales, mealybugs, whiteflies). Mechanical control Use of barriers, traps and operations to control pests, diseases and weeds. Mechanical injury Physical injury due to insects, wind, vehicles, other agents. Metamorphosis The process of change from egg to adult. Microorganism A small organism that cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope, eg bacteria. Mildew A fungal disease in which the fungus is seen as a growth of mycelium and spores on the host plant surface, eg downy mildews, powdery mildews, sooty mould, rusts. See Mould. Millipede An animal belonging to the Class Diplopoda, Phylum Arthropoda. Mite An animal belonging to the Order Acarina, Class Arachnida, Phylum Arthropoda with 8 legs, a body divided into 2 parts, no antennae. Miticide A substance active against mites, ticks, spiders. Mode of action group (of a pesticide). The metabolic process in the pest (insect, fungus, weed, etc) affected by the pesticide. Molluscicide A substance active against snails and slugs. Monocotyledons (monocots) Flowering plants that have only a single seed leaf (1 cotyledon). Mosaic Irregular light and dark areas in leaves (mottling effect) caused by many virus and virus-like diseases, eg turnip mosaic virus. Moth An insect belonging to the Order Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths). Mottle Irregular light and dark areas in leaves, generally caused by virus and virus-like diseases, eg camellia yellow mottle virus. Mould A fungus with a conspicuous mycelium or spore mass, eg powdery mildews. See Mildew. Moult The shedding of skin by insects and mites as they grow. MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet. Mutation An abrupt appearance of a new characteristic as the result of an accidental change in a gene or chromosome. Mycelium The hyphae or mass of hyphae that make up the body of a fungus. Myco-insecticides Fungi used to control insects. Mycorrhiza A symbiotic association of a fungus with the roots of a plant. Myxomycota A Phylum of Fungi which form plasmodia, eg slime moulds. Nanometer. (nm) One billionth of a meter. Nanoparticle. Usually considered to be particles with a radius of 100 nm. Natural enemy. A naturally occurring beneficial organism which controls or suppresses a pest. Naturalised weeds Invading species that have become established and reproduce for several generations in the wild without human assistance. Necrosis, necrotic Death of plant cells, tissue turns brown, dark colored, and appears sunken. Needle cast Certain fungal diseases of conifers which result in the copious shedding of needles, eg Lophodermium spp. on pines. Nematicide Any agent active against nematodes. Nematode An unsegmented generally microscopic round worm belonging to the Class Nematoda. Non-target organisms Plants and animals directly or indirectly affected accidentally by control measures. Noxious weed A plant defined by law as being particularly troublesome, undesirable and difficult to control. Also called a declared or proclaimed weed. NSOBP National Standard for Organic and Bio- Dynamic Produce. Nutrient charting A means of getting early warning signs of nutritional disorders, a prognosis. Nymph The growing stage of insects with a gradual metamorphosis, eg grasshoppers. Obligate parasite. A parasite that in nature can only grow and multiply on or in living organisms. Oedema Small masses of tissue expand and break out on plant parts (mostly leaf undersurfaces) causing watery swellings or small galls, which may become rusty or scabby. The plant absorbs more water through the roots than it can transpire through the leaves. Oil sprays Used as spray additives, soil wetting agents and spray oils to control pests and diseases. Botanical/vegetable oil Derived from the seeds of oil seeds, eg soybean, canola, cottonseed. Paraffin oil High quality petroleum oil, containing at least 62% paraffinic chains. Spray oil Oils mixed with water and applied to plants as a spray to manage certain pests and diseases. Dormant/winter oil Used on woody plants during dormancy (trees without foliage) to control pests. Summer/white oil Used on plants when foliage is present to control pests and some diseases. Superior oil Used year-round without phytotoxicity. Oomycota A Phylum of Fungi which produce thickwalled resting spores called oospores/zygospores, eg downy mildews, Pythium, Phytophthora. Oospore A fungal sexual spore in the Oomycota. Ooze Liquid discharge from diseased or injured tissue. May occur with bacterial or fungal diseases, some insect infestations, pruning or other injury. Organic standards Growing crops without synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and not genetically modified. There are legal obligations (AS 6000–2009). ‘Overwintering’ How the pest, disease or weed carries over from one season to another. Ovicide A chemical that destroys eggs. Ozone A gas within a layer of the upper atmosphere which is spread fairly evenly around the entire globe. It absorbs dangerous UV rays from the sun preventing injury to plant, animal and human life. Parasite. A plant, animal or micro-organism living in, on, or with another living organism for the purpose of obtaining all or part of its food. Parasitoid A form of parasitism in which the larval stage is specially adapted to live inside the host, eventually killing the host, eg the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Parthenogenesis Reproduction takes place without fertilization of the eggs. Pasteurisation Partial sterilization of foods at a temperature that destroys harmful microorganisms without major changes in the chemistry of the food. Pathogen An organism that causes disease. Pathogenicity The capability of a pathogen to cause disease. Pathovar (p.v.) In bacteria, a subspecies or group of strains that can infect only plants within a certain genus or species. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) A technique that allows almost infinite multiplications of a segment of DNA for which only a short piece of DNA is available. . PDA Personal Data Assistant. Perennial A plant which lives for 3 years or more and may be short-lived or long-lived. Some may be classified as woody species or herbaceous. Pest An undesirable organism (bacterium, insect, fungus, nematode, weed, virus, rodent) which is injurious to desirable plants and animals. Pest cycle Describes each stage of the life cycle (egg, adult, etc) of the pest and where it occurs (on leaves, soil, etc). Pesticide A chemical or other agent used to kill, control or suppress pests, diseases and weeds. 478 Glossary & Acronyms
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Pest management See Integrated Pest Management. Phasmatid An insect belonging to the Order Phasmatodea (stick insects, leaf insects). Pheromone A substance emitted by an animal that influences the behaviour of other animals of the same species, may be synthetically produced for insect traps. Phloem Tissues which transport nutrients from leaves which produce them to other plant parts. Phylum A division of the plant and animal Kingdom. Physical control Use of certain physical properties of the environment, eg temperature, to control pests, diseases and weeds. Phytoplasma See Virus & virus-like organism. Phytotoxity Toxicity of a pesticide or a pesticide component to desired plants Pigmentation Development of pigments other than chlorophyll in leaves, flowers and fruit. Can occur as a result of insect infestations, disease, weather conditions or other agents. Plant growth regulator A substance which accelerates, retards or alters the natural development of any vegetation. Plant quarantine Legislative regulatory control against introduction and dissemination of weeds and pests and diseases of plants into new areas. Plasmodiophoromycota A Phylum in the Fungi which are obligate endoparasites of plants, eg club root of brassicas (Plasmodiophora brassicae). Poisoning A toxic reaction when touched or eaten. Post-emergent herbicide A herbicide applied after weeds have appeared through the soil. Powdery mildew A fungus in the Phylum Ascomycota which produces white, powdery spores on mostly upper leaf surfaces, stems, flowers, fruit. Praying mantid A predaceous insect belonging to the Order Mantodea (mantids, praying mantids). Predator An animal that attacks, kills and feeds on other animals, eg assassin bugs. Pre-emergent herbicide A herbicide applied before the weeds have appeared through the soil. Protectant A fungicide applied to a plant prior to infection by a disease organism in order to prevent infection of the host plant. Protocol A negotiated formal procedure drawn up and recorded. Provenance(s) Populations of a species from different regions, individual trees within regions, and even different branches of one tree. Pubcris The registered product database of the Australian Pesticide & Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA). Pupa (pl. pupae) The stage during which an insect with a complete metamorphosis transforms from the larval to the adult stage. Pustule A small blister-like elevation of epidermis created as spores from underneath push outwards. pv.. See Pathovar. Quarantine. See Plant Quarantine. Race. 1. A genetically and often geographically distinct mating group within a species. 2. A group of pathogens that infect a given set of plant varieties. Relative humidity The amount of water vapour in the air compared to the amount required for saturation, stated as a percentage. If air contains only half the amount of water vapour that it can hold when saturated, relative humidity is 50%. Repellent A compound that keeps insects, rodents, birds or other pests away from plants, domestic animals, buildings or other treated areas. Resistance 1. The ability of a host plant to suppress or retard the activities of one or more specified disease organisms. 2. Populations of pests, diseases or weeds that are unaffected by a certain dosage of chemical used to control other populations of the same organisms successfully. Resistance mode of action groups (of a pesticide) The classification of pesticides by Croplife Australia which is displayed on commercial pesticide labels. Rhizomorph A root-like strand of fungal hyphae, used to spread for long distances through soil or along or under bark of woody plants, eg Armillaria spp. Ringspot Yellowish or chlorotic rings with green tissue in the centre, caused by many virus & viruslike diseases, eg peony ringspot virus. Risk assessment The process of assessing whether a pest, disease or weed is likely to become a major pest. Rodenticide A agent active against rodents (vermin). Roguing The removal of an infested or diseased plant from an otherwise healthy crop to prevent spread to neighbouring plants or through its seeds to future generations. Weeds may also be rogued. Rot A decay or decomposition of plant tissue which can affect any plant part, eg roots, trunks, fruit, bulbs, seed. It may be caused by bacteria or fungi, waterlogging or by other agents. Russet Development of brown, roughened areas on the skin of fruit due to the formation of cork, caused by mites, virus diseases, powdery mildew, frost, etc. Rust A fungus in the Phylum Basidiomycota which causes a disease characterized by orange brown spore masses, eg chrysanthemum rust. Salinity. A concentration of soluble salts in water between soil particles sufficient to restrict plant growth. Sanitation The elimination or reduction of pest and disease organisms and weeds in a nursery, glasshouse, storage facility or other horticultural situation, to reduce spread to other healthy plants or produce, especially at the beginning of a new season. Saprophyte An organism using dead plant matter as food. Sawfly An insect belonging to the Order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, sawflies). Scab Localized lesion on plant parts, eg leaves, fruit, corms, usually slightly raised, giving a scabby appearance. It may be caused by bacterial or fungal diseases, eg apple scab or by environmental agents, eg oedema. See Oedema. Scale An insect belonging to the Order Hemiptera (bugs; hoppers; aphids, lerps, scales, mealybugs, whiteflies). Sclerotium (pl. sclerotia) A hard compact mass of fungal threads, when dry dark on the outside, can survive unfavourable conditions, eg Sclerotinia rot. Scorch Dead, ‘burnt’ areas on leaves and fruit, which may cover nearly the entire plant, irregular in shape, or form patterns (other than spots). May be caused by insects, disease, environmental conditions. Secretions. Substances extracted from plant sap by insects for their use or to be excreted as waste. Seed banks Existing seed in soil. Semio-chemical A chemical that modifies pest behaviour. Shothole Small spots on leaves which fall away to leave small holes. Used to describe types of fungal diseases, eg shothole of stone fruit; bacterial diseases, eg bacterial canker of stone fruit. Insects, eg metallic flea beetles, chew tiny irregular holes in leaves, which enlarge to give the leaves a ‘shotholed’ appearance. Sick soil syndrome Often referred to as ‘replant disease’. Disease microorganisms are thought to build up in soil during the life time of certain plants, eg roses; when planting roses into old rose beds soil is replaced. Sign The presence of actual insects, fungi, snails or other agents causing the problem. If signs are present the problem can usually be readily identified. Signal heading Indicates the hazard level of the product, eg a pesticide. Silk Produced by caterpillars of butterflies and moths (Order Lepidoptera) from special glands in the mouth, used for constructing cocoons, binding leaves together or lowering themselves for dispersal. Silvering Leaves become silvery in appearance instead of the normal green colour, most commonly caused by thrips rasping and sucking leaf surfaces, but also caused by senescence and other agents. Glossary & Acronyms 479
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