PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Skeletonization Caused by chewing insects feeding externally on the surface of leaves, leaving only veins, eg autumn gum moth and gumleaf skeletonizer (Lepidoptera); elm leaf beetle (Coleoptera); pear and cherry slug and callistemon sawfly (Hymenoptera) and young snails. Slater An animal belonging to the Class Malacostraca, Phylum Arthropoda. Sleeper weeds Weeds that appear benign for many years then suddenly spread rapidly. Slime mould A very simple fungus belonging to the Phylum Myxomycota Smut A fungus in the Phylum Basidiomycota which causes a disease characterized by the presence of black sooty spore masses in seeds and leaves. Snail An animal belonging to the Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda. Sodicity Soil containing levels of sodium that affects its physical properties (stability). Applies to soils rather than media, Solarisation A process in which heat from the sun may raise the temperature near the surface of soil or potting media to levels high enough to kill or reduce populations of some pests, eg mites, most soilborne disease organisms (bacteria, fungi, nematodes), and some weeds and weed seeds. Sooty mould The dark hyphae of fungi growing on the honeydew secreted by some Hemipterous insects, eg aphids, lerps, scales, mealybugs, whiteflies. Speckles, stippling Patterns of dots (feeding sites of sap sucking insects) on leaves and fruits. Spider An 8-legged animal belonging to the Order Acarina, Class Arachnida, Phylum Arthropoda. Spittle bug An insect belonging to the Order Hemiptera (bugs) the nymph of which produces a wet, frothy material for protection. Splitting The cracking of fruit commonly due to rain/too much water and too rapid growth. Spore The reproductive unit of a fungus consisting of one or more cells. Spray adjuvant A substance added to a pesticide to improve effectiveness or safety, eg wetting agent. Springtail An insect belonging to the Class Collembola, Phylum Arthropoda. Sterile fungi A group of fungi not known to produce any kind of spores. Stick insect An insect belonging to the Order Phasmatodea (leaf insects, phasmatids). Stomach poison A pesticide that must be eaten by an animal in order to be effective. Stomates Small openings on leaves, twigs and other plant parts which regulate the flow of water from the plant into the atmosphere and admit carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis. Strain Descendants of a single isolate in pure culture, an isolate, a race. Streaking Dark longitudinal streaks on stems infected with virus diseases, eg symptoms of tomato spotted wilt virus on stems of broad bean. Stunting Failure of a plant to reach normal size, caused by insect pests, virus diseases, other agents. Suppressive soils Soils in which certain diseases are suppressed because of the presence in the soil of microorganisms antagonistic to the pathogen. Surfactant A spray supplement which lowers the surface tension of a pesticide spray enabling it to spread evenly over, and adhere to, the surface of an insect, diseased plant surface or weed, overcoming the repellent nature of the pest, disease or weed. Susceptible Being prone to attack by a given disease or pest organism. Symbiosis Mutually beneficial association of 2 or more different kinds of organisms. Symptom The visible response of the host plant to a disease or pest, eg chlorosis, leaf curl, scab. Systemic 1. A chemical that is absorbed and translocated within a plant or animal. 2. A disease that spreads within a plant. Target organism. The pest, disease or weed to be controlled. Termite An insect belonging to the Order Isoptera (termites, ‘white ants’). Threshold Levels of pest or damage at which treatment is necessary to manage a pest problem. May be economic, aesthetic or environmental. Thrips An insect belonging to the Order Thysanoptera (thrips). Tolerant The property of organisms (including plants), to withstand a certain degree of stress, pest attack, unfavourable weather and other agents. Toxin A compound produced by plants, animals or microorganisms which is toxic to another. Translocation A substance taken in through the plant surface and moved throughout the plant. Uredospores. Rust spores produced by a fruiting structure called a uredium. Vector. 1. An insect, nematode, parasitic plant or other parasite which can carry and transmit a disease organism from one host to another. 2. In genetic engineering the transmission of DNA into a host cell. Vegetative Asexual reproduction of plants. Veinbanding Regions along the veins of leaves darker or lighter in colour than the tissue between the veins, caused by some virus diseases. Veinclearing Veins of leaves become translucent, caused by some virus diseases, herbicide injury, etc. Virescence See Greening. Virus & virus-like ‘organism’ A submicroscopic parasite consisting of nucleic acid and protein. A group of related ‘organisms’, eg phytoplasmas and viroids, have similar properties, ie can only multiply in living cells, can spread from one plant to another and can only be seen with aid of an electron microscope. Wasp. An insect belonging to the Order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, sawflies, wasps). Wax A normal secretion of the epidermal glands in insects, eg woolly aphid. Webbing Fine silk produced from glands in the mouth of ‘spider’ mites, eg twospotted mites crawl over it and fasten their eggs to it. Weed A plant that has or has the potential to have, a detrimental effect on economic, social or conservation values. Weevil An insect belonging to the Order Coleoptera (beetles and weevils). Wetting agents A substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid, so it can spread across or penetrate more easily the surface of a plant. May be added to pesticide sprays to allow easier spreading on leaves, or to the soil to aid the rewetting of soils. Whey Liquid waste from cheese products. White ant An insect belonging to the Order Isoptera (termites). Whitefly An insect belonging to the Order Hemiptera, (bugs; hoppers; aphids, lerps, mealybugs, scales, whiteflies). Wilt A drooping of plants due to an inadequate water supply, excessive transpiration, or a variety of agents. True ‘wilt ‘ diseases are caused by fungi or bacteria blocking the xylem vessels of the host plant, eg Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt of various plants and bacterial wilt of tomato. Wireworm Larvae of click beetles (Elateridae, Coleoptera). Witches' broom Broom-like growth or massed proliferation of shoots, caused by insects or mites, other agents, and occasionally by fungal diseases. ‘Worm’, ‘weevil’ damage Damage caused internally to fruit, nuts, seeds by larvae of various insects with a complete metamorphosis, eg caterpillars of moths (Lepidoptera), maggots of flies (Diptera), larvae of beetles and weevils (Coleoptera) and wasps (Hymenoptera). Xylem. Water conducting tissue in plants. Zoospore. A fungal spore with flagella capable of moving in water. Zygomycota A Phylum of Fungi with thick-walled resting zygospores, eg bread moulds (Mucor, Rhizopus). 480 Glossary & Acronyms
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds Abrasive & absorptive dusts 48 Acacia-spotting bug injury 31 Acaricides, miticides 205, 208 Acarina 199-208 Acid rain 396 Acid soil 395 Actinorhizal roots 323 Adjuvants 455 African black beetle 109 Antennae 10, 11, 13 Anthracnose 315, 320, 355 Anti-transpirants 402, 405 Antlions 129 Ants 115, 119 Aphidlions 129 Aphids 141, 143, 145 black peach aphid 32 cabbage aphid 150 green peach aphid 152 woolly aphid 155 Apple dimpling bug 32 Apple mosaic virus 277 Arachnida 9, 199 Araneida (spiders) 209 Argentine ant 119 Argentinian scarab 108 Agricultural biological products 61, 344, 454 Armoured scales 167, 168 Arthropoda see Insects & Allied Pests Ascomycota (fungal diseases) 320, 321 Australian plague locust 182 Azadarachtin 60, 205 Azalea leafminer 29 Bacillus thuringiensis see Dipel Bacterial blight of mulberry 296 Bacterial canker of stone fruit 307 Bacterial diseases 293-312 Bacterial gall of oleander 293, 297 Bacterial leaf & corm scab of gladiolus 296 Bacterial leaf & stem rot of pelargonium 310 Bacterial leaf spots 310 Bactericides 303 Bacteriophage 302 Baits insects & allied pests 44, 72 snails 235 vertebrate pests 247, 249 Barriers insects 48 snails & slugs 235 vertebrate pests 246 weeds 438 Basidiomycota 322 Bean weevil 113 Bees 115, 117 leafcutting bee damage 34, 115 Beetles 98 Beneficial organisms bacteria 43, 298 fungi 43, 323 insects, mites 42-44, 144, 147 nematodes 43, 61, 103, 107, 110, 258 weeds (beneficial effects) 411 viruses 43, 279 Big bud 289 Bicarbonates 344 BioCane 43, 61, 103, 323 Bio-fungicides, soaps, bicarbonates, milk, etc 344 Bio-herbicides 435 Bio-insecticides, spray oils, soaps, pheromones 61-62 Biological control of bacterial diseases 302, 306 fungal diseases 329, 344, 369, 373 insects & allied pests 42 nematode diseases 263 snails & slugs 234 vertebrate pests 244 virus & virus-like diseases 284 weeds 435 INDEX Biological control agents bio-bactericides 302, 306 bio-fungicides 323, 329, 344, 374 bio-herbicides 435 bio-insecticides 43-44 bacteria (Bt) 59, 85, 88, 298 fungi (Metarhizium) 323 locusts 184, 185 scarab grubs 61, 110, 323 termites 179 nematodes 258 black vine weevil 107, 258 scarab grubs 110 viruses corn earworm 43, 88, 279 insects for release 42 mites for release 42 rabbits 245 Bird repellents 248 Birds & damage (roses) 240, 241 Bitou bush 416, 422, 470 Blackberry 411, 416, 470 Black peach aphid 32 Black scale 163, 164 Black spot (of grape) 317 Black spot of rose 355 Black vine weevil 106 Blattodea (cockroaches) 190 Blights bacteria 296-298 fungal 316, 320 Blood system (insects) 26 Blossom-end rot of tomato 395 Borers elephant weevil 102 fruit-tree borer 30, 96 longicorn beetles 111 Botrytis cinerea (gray mould) 316, 320, 371 Broadleaved weeds 415-417, 419-422, 460 Broomrape 382-385 Brown rot 317, 321 Brush & woody weeds 467, 470 Bugs 141-149 acacia-spotting bug 31 apple dimpling bug 32 azalea lace bug 147 beneficial bugs 144, 147 bronze orange bug 147 crusader bug 148 fruitspotting bug 149 green vegetable bug 147 harlequin bug 147 passionvine bug 149 Rutherglen bug 147 spined citrus bug 147 Burr knots 397 Butterflies 78 Cabbage aphid 150 Cabbage white butterfly 84 Callistemon leafminer 83 Callistemon sawfly 118 Callistemon leafrolling thrips 33, 132 Camellia yellow mottle 279 Cankers 307 (stone fruit), 318 (rose) Capeweed 416, 419 Case moth cases 28, 34 Cassytha 381 Caterpillars see Lepidoptera Cat repellents 247, 248 Cats 242 Centipedes 9, 214 Cerci 16 Chemical groups see Resistance Chewing insect damage 29 Chickweed 416, 421 Chilopoda (centipedes) 9, 214 Chimera 397 Chordates see Vertebrate Pests Christmas beetle 98, 100, 108 Cineraria leafminer 73 Citrus butterfly 8, 29 Citrus gall wasp 29, 121 Clasping organs 16 Classification (pests, diseases weeds) bacterial diseases 295 fungal diseases 319 insects & allied pests 9, 63 nematode diseases 256 snails & slugs 229 virus & virus-like diseases 277 weeds 413-418 Climate change 394 Cockroaches 190 Cold injury 393 Codling moth 89 Coleoptera (beetles, weevils) 98-113 African black beetle 109 bean weevil 113 black vine weevil 106 Christmas beetle 98, 100, 108 elephant weevil 102 jewel beetle larvae 99, 103 ladybirds (predatory) 100, 104 leaf beetles 100, 103 leafeating ladybirds 104 longicorn beetles 111 scarab beetles, scarab grubs 108 vegetable weevil 30 Collections (Prelims) xii Collembola (springtails) 197 Conditions favouring bacterial diseases 301 fungal diseases 326 insects & allied pests 38-62 nematode diseases 261 snails & slugs 232 vertebrate pests 242 virus & virus-like diseases 283 weeds 428 Contact herbicides 442, 448 Contact insecticides 51, 52 Container plants (weeds) 464 Control methods bacterial diseases 302-303 fungal diseases 327-344 insects & allied pests 39-62 nematode diseases 262-267 non-parasitic diseases 399-406 parasitic flowering plants 382-385 snails & slugs 233-237 vertebrate pests 243-249 virus & virus-like diseases 283-285 weeds 429-454 Corn earworm 86 Cornicles 17 Cottonycushion scale 32, 163 Couchgrass 418, 423, 461 Cracking of citrus, tomato 392 Crickets 180, 181 Crown gall 304 Crusader bug 148 Cultural methods bacterial diseases 302 fungal diseases 328 insects & allied pests 40 nematode diseases 263 non-parasitic pests & diseases 400 parasitic flowering plants 383 snails & slugs 233 vertebrate pests 244 virus & virus-like diseases 284 weeds 432 Cup moth caterpillar 82 Cuscuta spp. (dodders) 381, 383-385 Cuticle (insect) 12, 22 Cypress pine sawfly 118 Damage see also Symptoms insects & allied pests 28-34 damaged seed (effects of) 113, 116, 402 snails & slugs 229-230 vertebrate pests 240-242 weeds (effects of) 411 Damping off 371 Damselflies 196 Dandelion 416, 419, 460 Declared weeds 414 Index 481
Page 1 and 2:
PLANT PROTECTION 1 Pests, Diseases
Page 3 and 4:
PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disease
Page 5 and 6:
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Insect secretions PLANT PROTECTION
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
. PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disea
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
1 PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disea
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Control methods Cultural methods.
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448: PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disease
Page 497: PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Pests, Disease
Page 503 and 504: Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
show all

PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?

PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds