PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds

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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds LIST OF SOME FUNGAL DISEASES (contd) Hyphae Not known in Australia Not known in Australia Not known in Australia Not known in Australia Other moulds (white, yellow green or orange) may also grow on surface of potting mixes containing sawdust or bark; the fungus may grow into the mix Wood rot fruiting bodies COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (not exhaustive) PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA (Basidiomycetes) 1. Mycelium is well developed, hyphae with cross walls. 2. Sexual spores are thin walled basidiospores produced externally on clublike, 1-4 celled basidium., eg azalea leaf gall or in special fruiting bodies, eg mushrooms, or in a variety of other ways, eg rusts and smuts. Some produce additional sexual spores, eg rusts. 3. Asexual spores (conidia and oidia) similar to the Ascomycota are sometimes produced. The rusts produce a variety of additional asexual spores, eg urediniospores. COLLAR, ROOT AND STEM ROTS Armillaria root rot Armillaria spp. Wide range of trees and shrubs Rhizoctonia rot, damping off Rhizoctonia solani = Thanatephorus Wide range of weeds, vegetables, ornamentals Sclerotium stem rot, damping off Sclerotium rolfsii = Athelia Wide range of weeds, vegetables, ornamentals GALLS Azalea leaf gall Camellia leaf gall RUSTS Exobasidium japonicum E. gracile Many genera, eg Phragmidium mucronatum Puccinia antirrhini P. chrysanthemi P. horiana (white rust) P. malvacearum Azalea Camellia sasanqua Usually host specific Rose Antirrhinum Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum Hollyhock, other Malvaceae P. haemodori Kangaroo paw, Conostylis, Haemodorum, Macropidia Sunflower rust P. helianthi Sunflower Wheat stem rust P. graminis f. sp. tritici Wheat Guava rust P. psidii (threat to Australian Myrtaceae, eg guava, eucalypt, environment and economy) Callistemon, Melaleuca, Syzygium, etc; Heteropyxideae eg Heteropyxis Myrtle rust Uredo rangelii) Myrtaceae, eg Agonis flexuosa, Syncarpia, Callistemon Prune rust Tranzschelia discolor, P. pruni Stone fruits, especially prunes Coffee rust Hemileia vastatrix Coffee Bean rust Uromyces appendiculatus Beans Gall rusts Uromycladium spp. Acacia spp. Western gall rust Endocronartium harknessii 5-needle pines, eg radiata pine (Pinus radiata) White pine blister rust Cronartium ribicola 3-needle pines, eg eastern white pine (P. strobus) SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI Cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus Non-parasitic, grows on soil organic matter, compost. Mushrooms/toadstools Various species Potting mixes, the fungus Fairy rings SMUTS Marasmius oreades Many other genera grow on sawdust or bark. Grow on organic matter in the soil in turf, pasture Many genera Usually host specific Anther smut Ustilago violacea Carnation 'Mandy' Boil smut Covered smut Loose smut Smut Onion smut White smut U. zeae U. segentum var. hordei U. avenae U. cynodontis Urocystis cepulae Entyloma dahliae Corn, maize Oats Oats Couch Onions Dahlia WOOD ROTS Heart rot Yellowish wood rot Pink limb blight Red wood rot Many other species, Schizophyllum commune Trametes versicolor Corticium salmonicolor Pycnoporus coccineus Fomes, Phellinus, Poria, Ganoderma, Peniophora Most have a wide host range 322 Fungal diseases - Biology, identification and classification
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds LIST OF SOME FUNGAL DISEASES (contd) Many more biocontrol products available overseas (Agrios 2005) Mycoherbicides COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME HOST RANGE (not exhaustive) BENEFICIAL FUNGI FOOD French black truffle Tuber melanosporum Truffles grow on roots of hazel and oak trees in Tas in a mycorrhizal symbiosis Cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus Grow on organic matter PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS Pencillin antibiotics Penicillium spp. Bacterial diseases in humans and animals MYCORRHIZAS Beneficial association between fungi from all groups and the roots of most plants. Symbiosis Boletus spp., Endogone spp. Glomus spp. Many more species Make certain nutrients more available to the plant, see also truffles above ENDOPHYTES An endophyte is a fungus or bacterium that grows within a plant in a mutually beneficial relationship; it may protect the plant from insects, disease, heat or drought. Endophyte fungi Acremonium lolii in perennial Protects perennial ryegrass ryegrass from Argentine stem weevil BIO-CONTROL OF INSECTS Greenguard BioCane Other fungi Metarhizium spp. Metarhizium spp. Beauvaria bassiana Australian plague locust Greyback canegrub Thrips, aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs, etc Various insects Green peach aphid Entomophthora spp. Verticillium lecanii BI0-CONTROL OF SOIL FUNGI Trich-A-Soil Trichoderma spp. Suppresses soilborne fungal diseases, eg Phytophthora, Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia; in NZ possibly Botrytis on kiwi fruit Nutri-Life TrichoShield TM Others (possibility of commercialization) BIO-CONTROL OF WEEDS Fungi (Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium) and a bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) Clonostachys rosea Coniothyrium mintans Disease suppressant for seeds, seedlings, transplants, bulbs, cuttings, grafts and established crops Seed and soilborne diseases Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Potential Mycoherbicide Alternaria zinniae Noogoora burr complex Possibility Mycoherbicide (NZ) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Ranunculus acris in pastures Rust s Blackberry rust Phragmidium violacearum Blackberry Rust Puccinia myrsiphylli Bridal creeper Prospodium tuberculatum Lantana OTHERS Kombuchea fungus A yeast fungus Kombacha is a symbiotic relationship of a number of Saprophytic fungi (decomposers) Fungi (also bacteria, nematodes, insects, mites, etc) bacterial and yeast cultures Plant residues, releasing nutrients for plants, etc Nitrogen-fixing nodules Actinorhizae (bacteria) Mycorrhizal roots Proteoid roots form on most (bacteria) on legumes, eg on Alnus. (fungus roots). Proteaceae, eg banksia, grevillea. clovers Fig. 179. Beneficial structures on roots of plants greatly improve plant growth by increasing the absorbing surface of the root system. Mycorrhizal and proteoid roots exploit nutrients especially in soils low in phosphorus. Fungal diseases - Biology, identification and classification 323
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Root structure of dock (Rumex spp.)
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 â Pests, Diseases and Weeds